tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15718621564349975332024-03-14T02:40:18.081+08:00Italian Aircraft of WWIIItalian Aircraft of 1930-45Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.comBlogger114125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-65892531391650809222018-12-31T23:52:00.000+08:002018-05-18T18:52:15.779+08:00Italian Aircraft 1939–1945–OverviewOf the aircraft used by the major powers during the Second World War
least has been written of those produced by Italy's aircraft industry.
Indeed, so little detailed information has been published on the
aircraft employed by, or under development for, the Regia Aeronautica,
that there is a serious gap in the reference generally available
concerning the military aircraft of World War Il. This account fills
that gap. It covers aircraft used in service (as well as those under
development) up to the fall of the Fascist Government in July 1943, and
subsequently in Northern Italy while under German occupation. Many of
the types described and illustrated appear for the first time anywhere.<br />
<br />
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<br />
The quality of Italian combat aircraft was frequently derided during
the war years, and it was generally supposed that the equipment of Regia
Aeronautica squadrons was considerably below world standards. In part
this was true, for while Italy's aircraft designers were undoubtedly
capable of much first class creative work, her aircraft industry never
acquired the ability to achieve quantity production without allowing the
basic design to become obsolescent.<br />
<br />
Immediately before the war Italy was one of the leading exponents of
the high-performance attack bomber, some of which set up remarkable
"prestige" records, producing several types which were among the fastest
in their class at the time of their appearance. But, paradoxically, the
Italians were strangely sentimental with regard to fighter biplanes,
devoting a sizeable proportion of their production capacity to such
types long after they had been discarded by all other major air powers.
Although the Italian aircraft industry was loath to discard the biplane
for the interception role, it should not be thought that such machines
were developed to the exclusion of the fighter monoplane. On the
contrary, six distinct types of fighter monoplane made their debut in
1937-39, but their designers were forced to contend with one major
handicap, the lack of a high-powered, low-drag, liquid-cooled engine.
Reliance on comparatively low-powered, bulky, drag-producing, air-cooled
radials rendered adequate armour protection and effective offensive
armament secondary considerations where a reasonable performance was to
be attained.<br />
<br />
Thus, it was with obsolescent fighter biplanes and under-powered
fighter monoplanes that Italy's Stormi Caccia (Fighter Squadrons)
entered the war. The later availability of the excellent Daimler-Benz
series of liquid-cooled engines gave Italian fighter aircraft the much-
needed "shot in the arm", but even then inadequate production capacity
did not allow for the disruption in the flow of replacement aircraft
that would have resulted had any attempt been made to introduce
completely new fighters. In consequence, existing air- frames were
adapted to take the new power plants and, surprisingly, several of these
Italo-Germanic combinations proved to be exceptional fighting machines.
This was fortunate for the Italians, for no single-engine, single-seat
fighter of exclusive Italian wartime design ever reached the squadrons
of the Regia Aeronautica.<br />
<br />
A substantial proportion of Italian combat aircraft production was
devoted to twin-engined and tri-motor medium bombers, but of the 13,253
military aircraft of all types produced in the years 1939--43 inclusive,
only 163 were four-engined heavy bombers, and after several relatively
abortive attempts at strategic bombing, the Regia Aeronautica confined
its bombing forces to tactical duties. Several light and medium bombers,
obviously influenced by German trends, were entering service or under
development at the time or the armistice.<br />
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<br />
The Italian aircraft industry never succeeded in developing mass
production techniques comparable to those developed by the other major
powers. In consequence, the total number of combat aircraft produced by
Italy was uninspiring. Whereas in 1940, the year of Italy's entry into
the war, production was nearly double that of the preceding year (3,257
aircraft as compared to 1,750 aircraft), no commensurate increase was
attained in 1941, when 3,503 aircraft were delivered. Subsequently
output fell off, dropping to 2,813 aircraft in 1942 and only 1,930
aircraft in 1943. Such production figures were inadequate to replace the
Regia Aeronautica's losses, let alone increase its first-line strength
and its numbers-which had comprised 1,458 bombers and transports and
1,160 fighters when Italy entered the war-gradually declined.<br />
<br />
<br />
AERONAUTICA UMBRA: The Aeronautica Umbra S.A. of Foligno was
established in 1935, and was primarily concerned throughout the war
years with sub-contract work for other aircraft manufacturers. However,
Aeronautica Umbra's design office, which was responsible for the
unsuccessful T.18 single-seat fighter of 1938, designed by Dr. Ing. F.
Trojani, did undertake some original work, and a heavy fighter of
advanced and unorthodox design, the M.B.902 designed by Ing. Bellomo,
was actually built, although flight testing had not commenced when the
prototype was destroyed.<br />
<br />
The construction of the M.B.902 was begun in 1942, and this single-seat
fighter was unusual in being powered by a pair or 1,250 h.p.
Daimler-Benz DB 605 liquid-cooled engines buried in the fuselage and
driving twin contra-props mounted outboard on the wings via extension
shafts. Featuring a retractable nose wheel undercarriage and carrying an
armament of four 20-mm. and two 12.7-mm. guns, the M.B.902 had an
estimated maximum speed of 429 m.p.h., and a maximum range of 1,056
miles.<br />
<br />
<br />
AMBROSINI: The Ambrosini industrial group took over the Societa
Aeronautica Italiana in 1934, and in the immediate pre-war years its
Passignano plant was responsible for a successful series of light cabin
monoplanes. However, in 1939, the chief designer, Sergio Stefanutti,
developed an unorthodox tail-first, single-seat fighter, the S.S.4. This
canard fighter was powered by a liquid-cooled engine mounted aft of the
pilot's cockpit and driving a three-blade pusher airscrew. A
retractable nose wheel undercarriage was fitted and vertical surfaces
were mounted on the wing at approximately mid-span. An armament of two
20-mm. cannon was mounted in the nose and flight trials started late in
1940, but the characteristics of the S.S.4 were generally unsatisfactory
and the machine crashed at Guidonia in 1941.<br />
<br />
The series of light monoplanes had culminated in the S.A.I.7 which, of
exceptionally clean design and powered by a 280-h.p. Hirsh H.M.508D
air-cooled engine, gained the 100-km. closed circuit record for F.A.I.
Category I aircraft with a speed of 244 m.p.h. in 1939. The S.A.I.7
possessed excellent flight characteristics. Stefanutti had designed the
aircraft with the alternative role of fighter trainer in mind, and a
fully militarized trainer prototype flew in 1941.<br />
<br />
The original prototype
featured a long, faired windscreen which extended to the front of the
engine cowling to reduce drag, but the military trainer had an orthodox
cockpit canopy for the tandem-seated pupil and instructor, and the
German Hirsh was replaced by a 280-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Beta R.C.I0.<br />
<br />
Despite highly enthusiastic flight test reports, the need for increased
production of combat aircraft necessitated the shelving of the S.A.I.7
trainer, but the aerodynamic qualities of the basic design were such
that Stefanutti contemplated its adaptation as a lightweight interceptor
fighter. The initial single-seat model, the S.A.I.107, was built for
research purposes and, powered by a 540-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Gamma, was
flown early in 1942. The S.A.I.107 was externally similar to the
S.A.I.207, which was built to full fighter requirements and carried an
armament of two 20-mm. cannon and two 12.7-mm. machine guns. In dives
the S.A.I.207 fighter attained an indicated air speed of 466 m.p.h. at
10,000 ft. (representing a true air speed of 596 m.p.h., or Mach 0.86),
and maximum level speed was 357 m.p.h., which was attained on the 750
h.p. provided by an Isotta-Fraschini Delta R.C.40 engine.<br />
<br />
Encouraged by the remarkable performance of the S.A.I.207, Sergio
Stefanutti developed the more ambitious S.A.I.403 Dardo, which featured
increased wing area and redesigned tail surfaces. Carrying a similar
armament to that of its predecessor, the Dardo was powered by a 750-h.p.
Delta R.C.21/60 engine which provided a maximum speed ~ 403 m.p.h.
Large-scale production of the Dardo was planned, but the armistice
precluded further development.<br />
<br />
Other wartime activities of the S.A.I.-Ambrosini concern were the
construction of the AL-12P troop- and cargo-carrying glider designed by
Aeronautica Lombarda S.A., and the development of the Ambrosini AR
"flying bomb". Conceived by General Ferdinando Raffaelli as an
anti-shipping weapon, the flying bomb was powered by a 1,000-h.p. Fiat
A.80 radial engine and was to have been flown off the ground by a pilot
who would then bail out, the bomb being directed to its destination by
remote radio-control. Flight tests began on 13th June 1943, and four
further examples were built at the Venegono plant.<br />
Flight trials were
successful and a speed of 225-230 m.p.h. was expected, but the bomb was
too late to see operational service.<br />
<br />
<br />
BREDA: The Societa Italiana Ernesto Breda was one of the largest
members of Italy’s wartime aircraft industry, having plants at Sesto S.
Giovanni (Milan), Torre Gaia (Rome), Apaulia and Brescia. From the early
'thirties this company was preoccupied with the development of ground
attack aircraft, and two types were in production when Italy entered the
war, the Breda Ba 88 and the more elderly Ba 65.<br />
<br />
The Breda Ba 88 Lince appeared in 1937, and in December of that year
the prototype established several international records (with a load of
2,205 lb. flying 62 miles (100 km.) at 344.5 m.p.h., and 621 miles
(1,000 km.) at 326.3 m.p.h.). Initially the prototype was flown with a
single fin and rudder assembly, but poor stability necessitated the
adoption of a rather cumbersome twin fin and rudder arrangement which
marred the Ba 88s otherwise good aerodynamic form. The prototype was
powered by two 900-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini K.14 radials and was one of the
fastest aircraft in its class at the time of its appearance.<br />
<br />
Production orders far the Ba 88 were placed far the Regia Aeronautica
and assembly lines were established by both Breda and 1.M.A.M.
(Meridionali) with deliveries commencing late in 1938. The production
version featured considerable redesign and was powered by two 1,000h.p.
Piaggio P.XI R.C.40 radials which provided a maximum speed of 304 m.p.h.
The first unit to receive the Ba 88 was the 7th Gruppo, which arrived
in North Africa in September 1940.<br />
<br />
However, relatively poor performance
and inadequate defensive armament resulted in the Ba 88 being taken out
of production after only 105 aircraft had been built. In 1941 the Agusta
concern substituted two 840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radials for the
Piaggios, increased wing span and fuselage length, and began the
construction of a small series under the designation Ba 88M. Only about
three aircraft of this type were completed.<br />
<br />
The Ba 65 was a single-engined, low-wing monoplane which was already
obsolescent when Italy entered the war, although it was employed quite
extensively during the North African campaign. The Ba 65 was produced
with both the 1,030-h.p. Fiat A.80 R.C.41 and the 900-h.p.
Isotta-Fraschini K.14 engines (although, far operational service, all
A.80-powered Ba 65s were re-engined with the K.14), and a few Ba 65bis
were produced with a dorsal turret containing a single 12.7-mm. machine
gun. The Ba 75 was an experimental prototype produced in 1939 far both
the reconnaissance and ground attack roles. Bearing a marked family
resemblance to the Ba 65, the Ba 75 was a shoulder-wing monoplane with a
stalky, fixed and liberally strutted undercarriage, powered by the
900-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini K.14 radial.<br />
<br />
Another Breda design that progressed no further than the prototype
stage was the Ba 201, which designation was, during the war years,
erroneously applied to a supposed Italian-built version of the Ju 87B.
In fact, although undoubtedly influenced by Junkers trends, the Ba 201
was an entirely original design. Powered by a 1,050-h.p. DB 601 engine
and featuring an inverted gull wing and retractable undercarriage, the
Ba 201 was tested at Guidonia in 1940-41.<br />
<br />
Filippo Zappata, responsible far the C.R.D.A. Cant series of bombers,
joined the Breda design staff in 1941, and was subsequently responsible
far several interesting projects, few of which were actually built. His
first design under Breda auspices was the Bz 301 long-range, all-metal
medium bomber derived from the Cant Z.1018 but not built. The Bz 302 was
a projected twin-engined heavy fighter of all-metal construction
abandoned in favour of the Bz 303 night fighter. The Bz 303 was a sleek
two-seat, low-wing monoplane of mixed construction with twin fins and
rudders. Power was provided by two 1,450-h.p. Piaggio P.XV R.C.60j2V
radials, and the exceptionally heavy armament of eight 20-mm. Mauser
cannon (four firing forwards and four firing to the rear) and a 12.7-mm.
machine gun in a dorsal position. Maximum speed was 360 m.p.h., and
range was 963 miles. The sole prototype was destroyed by the Germans.<br />
<br />
Other Zappata projects included the Bz 304 twin-engined attack bomber,
the Bz 305 four-engined troop and cargo transport, the Bz 306
four-engined long-range bomber, and the Bz 401 light
reconnaissance-bomber seaplane. No prototypes of these aircraft were
completed.<br />
<br />
<br />
CANT: The Cantieri Riuniti Dell'Adriatico stemmed from the famous naval
construction company of Cantiere Monfalcone when the latter entered the
aircraft industry in 1923. Initially the C.R.D.A. concentrated solely
on the design and construction of sea-going aircraft, but in the mid
'thirties the company produced two land- based medium bombers to the
designs of its chief designer, Filippo Zappata. These were the
three-engined Z.1007 and the twin- engined Z.1011, both powered by
840-h.p.Isotta-Fraschini Asso Xl R.C.15 engines. Five prototypes of the
Z.1011 were built, but the bomber was under-powered and inadequate
performance led to the abandonment of further development in favor of
the Z.1007.<br />
<br />
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<br />
Quantity production of the Z.1007 was ordered in 1939, and in addition
to the C.R.D.A.'s Monfalcone plant, various other manufacturers, such as
Piaggio and I.M.A.M. (Meridionali), established production lines. The
production model, the Z.1007bis Alcione, differed from the prototype in
having three 1,000h.p. Piaggio P.XIbis R.C.40 radials, and was unique in
being produced with both single and twin fin and rudder assemblies. The
former has hitherto been incorrectly referred to as both the Z.1007ter
and Z.1008. Of wooden construction, the Z.1007bis Alcione was a very
efficient aeroplane, although inadequately armed, and was built In large
numbers far the Regia Aeronautica, serving on most fronts on which this
force was engaged. The Z.1007ter was externally identical to the bis,
differing only in having 1,100-h.p. Piaggio P.XIX radials, and the
Z.1015 was a further version with 1,500-h.p. Piaggio P.XII R.C.35
radials, both produced in small quantities.<br />
<br />
Concurrently with development of the production models of the Alcione,
Zappata was engaged on the development of the twin- engined Z.1018, the
first of several prototypes of which flew in 1939. The Z.1018 broke away
from previous C.R.D.A. practice in featuring metal construction,
although one of two Piaggio P.VII- powered prototypes tested an
alternative wooden fuselage. Several types of engines were installed in
the prototypes, one having Piaggio p .XV radials, another having Alfa
Romeo 135 R.C.32 radials, and yet another having Daimler-Benz DB 605
engines. Some prototypes had twin fin and rudder assemblies, but a
single unit was adopted far the production model which, powered by
1,400-h.p. Atfa Romeo 135 R.C.32 radials, began to appear in service in
1943 but was too late to participate extensively in the air war prior to
Italy's collapse.<br />
<br />
Another major type designed and produced by the C.R.D.A. was the Z.506B
Airone tri-motor, twin-float reconnaissance-bomber seaplane which was
developed in 1936 as a military version of the Z.506 commercial
floatplane (the Z.509 was a further commercial development differing
from the Z.506 in having 1000-h.p. radials), and the Monfalcone factory
had produced ninety-five Z.506B float- planes by the time Italy entered
the war. Production was subsequently undertaken by Piaggio. The Z.506B
was employed primarily far maritime reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo
attacks on shipping around Italy's coasts.<br />
<br />
The Z.506S was an ambulance
and air-sea rescue version built by Piaggio. The Airone largely replaced
the earlier Z.501 single-engined high-wing flying- boat, although some
of these obsolescent machines were operated throughout the war. The
Z.508 was a tri-motor flying-boat derived from the Z.501 (three 840-h.p.
Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI R.C.40), but only a small production batch was
completed.<br />
<br />
During the war years the C.R.D.A. also completed two prototypes of the
Z.511 commercial transport floatplane designed by Zappata before the war
and intended far use on Alitalia's South Atlantic route. Construction
of the Z.511 commenced in 1941 and the first prototype flew on 8th
September 1943. The first prototype was destroyed when it struck a mine,
and the second, commandeered by the Luftwaffe, was destroyed in
Germany. The Z.511 was powered by four 1,500-h.p. Piaggio P.XII R.C.35
radials and had a loaded weight of 74,957 lb. The Z.515 WIIS a light
reconnaissance floatplane powered by two Isotta-Fraschini Delta engines
and built as a prototype only.<br />
<br />
CAPRONI: The Societa Italiana Caproni, founded by Count Gianni Caproni,
had its beginnings as far back as 1908, and between the two world wars
became the largest group of companies in the Italian aircraft industry.
The most prolific company in the group was the Compagnia Aeronautica
Bergamasca, which began aircraft design in 1927, joining the Caproni
group in the 'thirties. The chief designer was Cesare Pallavicino,
formerly chief designer to Ernesto Breda, and initially the original
designs produced by Bergamasca were given Caproni-Bergamaschi
designations, but later "Bergamaschi" was dropped and aircraft emanating
from the Bergamo works could only be identified by their type numbers,
which were in the 300 series.<br />
<br />
The Ca 309 Ghibli light colonial monoplane powered by two 185-h.p. Alfa
115 engines was the first of a series of light twin-engined aircraft
produced for export and for the Regia Aeronautica in considerable
numbers. The Ghibli was produced before the war and was used for police
duties by the Aviazione Presidio Coloniale and the Aviozione Sahariana
as a light reconnaissance-bomber and transport (carrying two crew
members and six passengers).<br />
<br />
Several production series were produced,
the final versions of the Ghibli to Ibe produced in quantity being the
Series V and VI, the latter having a forward-firing 20-mm. cannon
mounted in the nose. A progressive development of the Ghibli was the Ca
310 Libeccio, which differed from its predecessor main1y in having the
spotted fixed under-carriage replaced by rearward-retracting main
members, and two 430-h.p. Piaggio P.VII C.16 radial engines. The
Libeccio was produced primarily for export and was supplied to the
Croatian Air Force.<br />
<br />
The Ca 311 differed from its predecessor in having the "stepped"
windscreen replaced by a more extensively glazed Blenheim I-style dose
section (although the second production series, the Ca 311M (Modificato)
reverted to a stepped canopy rather like that later adopted for the Ca
314), and the Ca 312 was a version with 630-h.p. Piaggio P.XVI R.C.35
radials. The Ca 312M possessed a similar nose to that of the Ca 311, the
Ca 312bis was a twin-float seaplane variant, and the Ca 312-1S was an
experimental torpedo floatplane. The Ca 313 was a further development of
the Ca 311 with two 650-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Delta R.C.35 engines
which was used in limited numbers on the Russian Front.<br />
<br />
The Ca 313 could
carry a torpedo under the fuselage, and eighty aircraft of this type
were exported to Sweden in 1940. According to Swedish sources, the Ca
313 was generally unsatisfactory and had to be rebuilt and extensively
strengthened after delivery. Forty-one Swedish airmen lost their lives
in accidents involving the Ca 313 and, after the war. the Swedish
Government took legal action against the Caproni concern but, in the
meantime, the Societa Italiana Caproni had gone into liquidation. The Ca
314, an improved version of the Ca 313, was the last of the
Bergamaschi-designed light twin-engined reconnaissance bombers to be
produced in quantity. It was also used in small numbers by the Luftwaffe
and, surprisingly, was to have been built under license in Germany as
the Ca 315 (featuring a modified nose similar to that of the Ca 316).<br />
<br />
The Ca 316 was a twin-float reconnaissance seaplane powered by two
450-h.p. Piaggio P.VII C.16 radials and intended for catapult launching
from warships of the Italian Navy. The Ca 316 was designed to replace
the obsolescent I.M.A.M. Ro 43 float biplane, but only prototypes had
flown before the armistice stopped further development. The Ca 325 was a
medium bomber powered by two 1,250-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Zeta R.C.42
engines projected by the Bergamo design office in 1939, and the Ca 331
was a further light twin-engined bomber reconnaissance aircraft. Of
all-metal construction, the Ca 331 was projected in two versions, the Ca
331A reconnaissance bomber and the Ca 331B night fighter, prototypes of
both versions being built and flown. The latter version was to have
been built in large numbers and carried an armament of four 20-mm.
cannon and four 12.7-mm. machine guns. Power was provided by two
825-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Delta 4 in-line engines and construction was
all metal. A projected escort-fighter variant was to have had an
armament of eight 12.7-mm. guns. The Ca 365, projected in 1942, was a
progressive development of the Ca 331 with increased wing span, higher
loaded weight and two 1,250-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Zeta R.C.42 in-line
engines.<br />
<br />
The Ca 350 was a projected a11-metal two-seat fighter powered by a
1,250-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Zeta R.C.42 engine. This project, dating
from 1939, had an estimated maximum speed of 402 m.p.h., but.
construction was abandoned. The Ca 380 Corsaro was a twin- fuselage
two-seat fighter with the crew seated in tandem in a cockpit carried by
the port boom (a similar arrangement to that adopted for the S.M.92).
The Corsaro was powered by two 1,550-h.p. Daimler- Benz DB 603 engines
and carried an armament of eight 2O-mm. Mauser cannon and a bomb load
under the wing section between the two fuselages. A prototype of the
Corsaro was flight tested but eventually destroyed by the retreating
German forces.<br />
<br />
Other wartime Caproni products included the Ca 135bis medium bomber
powered by two 1,000h.p. Piaggio P.XI R.C.40 engines which was built in
small numbers for export to Hungary; the Ca 183bis, an unusual
high-altitude fighter which was under construction in 1943 and powered
by a DB 605 engine and a 700-h.p. Fiat A.3D engine, the latter buried in
the fuselage aft of the pilot’s cockpit driving a compressor for a
Campini ducted-fan type unit, and the Ca 225, a two-seat low-wing attack
bomber powered by two 800-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Delta R.C.1750 engines.
Neither the Ca 183bis nor Ca 225 was tested.<br />
<br />
<br />
CAPRONI-VIZZOLA: The Caproni-Vizzola S.A. of Vizzola Ticino (Varese)
was originally the Scuola Aviazioni Caproni, one of the oldest flying
schools in Italy, but in the mid 'thirties its activities were expanded
and a fully-equipped factory built. The plant was primarily engaged on
sub-contract work building the Breda Ba 65 attack aircraft, but in 1938
its first original designs, the F.4 and F.5 single-seat fighters
appeared, powered respectively by the 1,025-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Asso
121 R.C.40 and the 840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radial. Designed by Ing.
Fabrizi, a pre-production batch of fourteen of the radial-engined F.5
fighter was built immediately prior to Italy's entry into the war, but
like most of Italy's fighters of this period the F.5 was under-powered
(maximum speed being 326 m.p.h.) and under-armed (two 12.7-mm. guns).
Nevertheless, a squadron was equipped with the F.5 for a short period
and employed for the night defense of the area surrounding Rome.<br />
<br />
One of the fourteen F.5 fighters was re-engined in 1941 with a
1,050-h.p. DB 601 engine. This conversion was designated F.6, but the
most interesting development was the F.6Mz powered by the 1,250-h.p.
Isotta-Fraschini Zeta engine (which was also to have been installed in
the Reggiane Re 2004). The F.6Mz flew for the first time late in 1942
and was to have carried an armament of four 12.7-mm. guns or two
12.7-mm. and two 20-mm. guns. Maximum speed was 404 m.p.h., but the Zeta
engine was insufficiently developed for operational service, and the
F.6Mz progressed no further than the prototype stage.<br />
<br />
<br />
C.A.N.S.A.: The Costruzioni Aeronautiche Novaresi S.A. at Cameri, a
subsidiary of the Fiat Group, was primarily responsible for a series of
trainers, such as the C.5 and C.6 biplanes of 1940 and 1942
respectively, and the C.4 training monoplane of 1942. In 1940,
C.A.N.S.A. produced two prototypes of the F.C.12, which was intended as a
trainer for dive-bomber pilots but was also projected as a light attack
bomber. The F.C.12 was a tandem two-seat monoplane powered by a
600-h.p. Fiat A.30 R.A. in-line engine. Armament comprised two 12.7-mm.
guns in the fuselage and two 12.7-mm. guns in the wings, and a
manually-operated 12.7-mm. gun in the rear cockpit.<br />
<br />
In the following year C.A.N.S.A. produced the F.C.20 reconnaissance
bomber powered by two 840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radials, and the
F.C.20bis, which was intended for ground attack and carried a 37-mm.
cannon in the Dose. The final development of the design was the F.C.20
quater of 1943, which was similar to its predecessor apart from the
engines, which were two 1,150-h.p. Daimler-Benz DB 601s. These increased
maximum speed from 261 m.p.h. to 311 m.p.h.<br />
<br />
<br />
C.M.A.S.A.: The Costruzioni Meccaniche Aeronautiche S.A., with works at
Marina di Pisa, was another subsidiary of Fiat, being incorporated in
the Group in 1931. The major wartime activity of this concern was the
development and production of the R.S.14, the prototype of which was
flown in 1938. The R.S.14 was powered by two 840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38
radials, and the production models, the R.S.14B and R.S.14C, differed
from the prototype in having a ventral gondola to house torpedoes or
bombs. In 1942, this concern produced a land-based version of the R.S.14
designated<br />
<br />
A.S.14. Similarly powered to the floatplane, the A.S.14 was intended
for the ground-attack role and it was proposed to install a 45-mm.
cannon in the nose. The sole prototype of the A.S.14 was destroyed at
Guidonia in September 1943.<br />
<br />
In 1939, C.M.A.S.A. had been building the C.S.15 powered by the
experimental 2,250-h.p. Fiat A.S.8 engine. The C.S.15 was de- signed for
an attempt on the World Air Speed Record and employed surface
evaporation cooling. Estimated maximum speed was 528 m.p.h., but
construction of the prototype was suspended when Italy entered the war.
The plant also produced a conversion of the Fiat 0.50 Freccia
single-seat fighter as a tandem two-seat advanced trainer.<br />
<br />
This was
designated 0.50B, and the prototype flew for the first time on 30th
April 1940, but no production of this version was undertaken. The
C.M.A.S.A. design office undertook the conversion of a Fiat 0.50 to take
the 1,050-h.p. Daimler-Benz DB 601 in-line engine. This conversion,
which flew on 15th August 1941, was designated 0.50Y and attained a
maximum speed of 360 m.p.h. It served to provide data for the Fiat 0.55
Centauro-one of the best fighters produced in Italy during the war.
Production ceased at the Marina di Pisa works after extensive damage had
been caused by bombing in 1943.<br />
<br />
<br />
FIAT: Aeronautica d'Italia S.A. (Fiat) was perhaps the most powerful
organization within the Italian aircraft industry and certainly the most
prolific.Its aircraft were exported all over the world prior to the
war, and it supplied a substantial proportion of the equipment of the
Regia Aeronautica. It was also the last of the world's major aircraft
manufacturers to produce fighter biplanes. When Italy entered the war
many of her second-line fighter squadrons and attack elements were
equipped with the Fiat C.R.32 which, designed by Ing. Rosatelli, had
first flown as far back as 1933. Despite the fact that it appeared
antiquated even by standards obtaining in the mid 'thirties, this little
fighter biplane was produced in substantial quantities right up until
the outbreak of World War Il. Powered by a 600-h.p. Fiat A.30 R.A.
engine, it had a maximum speed or 248 m.p.h., and production versions
included the bis, ter and quater. It was also produced under license in
Spain as the Hispano HA-132-L Chirri.<br />
<br />
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With the appearance of the fast fighter monoplanes of the 1935-37
period, the era of the fighter biplane had apparently been ushered out
forever. Yet in 1939, Fiat produced a further fighter biplane, the Fiat
C.R.42 Falco. But what is even more surprising is the fact that the
C.R.42 continued in production unti11942, when a total of 1,800 fighters
of this type had been completed. The C.R.42 was powered by an 840-h.p.
Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radial and in its initial production form carried an
armament of one 12.7-mm. and one 7.7-mm. gun. In the C.R.42bis this was
changed to two 12.7-mm. guns, and in the C.R.42ter to four 12.7-mm.
guns.<br />
<br />
The C.R.42 Falco was widely used as a bomber escort and
subsequently relegated to the assault role with two 220-1b. bombs. In
1940, C.M.A.S.A. built an experimental twin-float version of the C.R.42,
and another experimental version featured a retractable undercarriage.
This fighter was also exported to the air forces of Sweden and Hungary.<br />
<br />
Ing. Rosatelli was also responsible for the design of the B.R.20 bomber
of 1936. A modern twin-engined low-wing monoplane, the B.R.20 was in
complete contrast to Rosatelli's biplane fighters and quantity
production was initiated. The initial production model was powered by
two 1,030-h.p. Fiat A.80 R.C.41 radials, and 350 machines of this type
were built between 1937 and 1940. In 1939 the B.R.20M (Modificato)
appeared, featuring a redesigned nose section and other refinements, to
be followed in 1941 by the B.R.20bis with 1,250-h.p. Fiat A.82 R.C.42jS
engines and increased armament (one 12.7-mm. gun in a power-operated
dorsal turret, and manually-operated guns in the nose, a ventral
position and side blisters). A total of 250 B.R.20M and B.R.20bis
bombers were built during the war years. The B.R.20 was dubbed Cicogna
in service.<br />
<br />
Other Rosatelli designs were the C.R.25 and the C.R.23. The C.R.25,
which first flew in 1939, was designed as a long-range escort fighter.
It was powered by two 840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radial engines which
provided a top speed of only 273 m.p.h. at 13,123 ft., and a range of
932 miles. Armament comprised three machine guns and a 1,550-lb. bomb
load. Only a pre-production batch of ten C.R.25 aircraft was completed,
one of these being used as a personal transport by the Italian air
attaché in Berlin. The remaining nine aircraft were actual1y used for
convoy escort late in the war and were, on one occasion, engaged by
Beaufighters. The C.R.23 was a fighter-bomber powered by two 1,550-h.p.
DB 603 engines and carrying an armament of four 20-mm. Mauser cannon and
one 12.7-mm. machine gun. Construction of a prototype began in 1943 but
was not completed.<br />
<br />
Also in the equipment of the Regia Aeronautica was the series of
single-seat fighters designed by Ing. Gabrielli. The first of these, the
Fiat G.50 Freccia, flew in prototype form on 26th February 1937, and a
small production batch was built far the Regia Aeronautica. The major
production model of the Freccia, the G.50bis, flew far the first time on
13th September 1940, and although similarly powered to the first
version (840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38) and carrying the same armament (two
12.7-mm. Breda-Safat guns) it had a reduced all-up weight which resulted
in a slightly improved speed and range, and relinquished the cockpit
canopy of the former. The G.50bis/A, which first flew on 3rd October
1942, was similar but carried two additional machine guns in under wing
gondolas. Approximately 350 G.50bis fighters were built, and some of
these were supplied to Finland and Croatia.<br />
<br />
Reference has already been made to the G.50B trainer produced by
C.M.A.S.A., but a little-known experimental version was the G.50ter
powered by a 1000-h.p. Fiat A.76 R.C.40/S radial (first flown on 17th
July, 1941) which increased maximum speed from 293 m.p.h. to 329 m.p.h.
The G.51 was a projected development of the G.50 with an A.75 R.C.53
engine, and the G.52 was another projected version with a DB 601N engine
and derived from the G.50Y developed by the C.M.A.S.A. plant.<br />
<br />
Progressive development of the basic Freccia design resulted in the
G.55 Centauro powered by the 1,475-h.p. Daimler-Benz DB 605 in 1942. The
Daimler-Benz engine was built under licence by Fiat . as the R.A.1050
and was installed in the production Centauro, deliveries of which began
in 1943. The initial production model, the G.55/0, carried an armament
of four 12.7-mm. Breda-Safat machine guns and one 20-mm. Mauser cannon.
This was succeeded by the G.55/I with two 12.7-mm. and three 20-mm. guns
and, finally, by the G.55/11 with five 20-mm. cannon. The G.55S
(Scorta) escort-fighter variant carried a long-range fue1 tank under the
fuselage. Production deliveries of the G.55 Centauro started too late
far this fighter to see active service with the Regia Aeronautica, but
production of this fighter was centered in the area of Ita1y occupied by
German forces and, after the armistice with Italy, production of the
Centauro continued in Northern Italy far the Fascist Repub1ican Air
Force fighting alongside the Luftwaffe. However, only about 100
Centauros had been delivered when Northern Italy was overrun by the
Allies.<br />
<br />
The G .56 was a further development of the Centauro, differing in
having a 1,510-h.p. DB 6O3A engine. The sole prototype of the G.56 flew
on 28th May 1943 and no production was undertaken. The G.57 was a
projected version which reverted to a radial engine, the 1,250-h.p. Fiat
A.82 R.C.24-52, but no prototype of this version was tested.<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
Ing. Gabrielli was also responsible far the G.12 transport, designed
before the war far high-altitude Alpine crossings. The first prototype,
the civil G.12C with accommodation far fifteen passengers, flew on 15th
October 1940, and the first military transport version, the G.12T, which
could carry twenty-two fully-equipped troops, flew on 15th May 1941. A
number of G.12T transports were delivered to the Regia Aeronautica,
being used notably during the Tunisian fighting, and the type was
powered by three 770-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.42 radials.<br />
<br />
<br />
I.M.A.M. (ROMEO): The S.A. Industrie Meccaniche e Aeronautiche
Meridionali of Naples was, until 1936, when it was absorbed by the Breda
Group, the S.A. Industrie Aeronautiche Romeo. Before the war this
concern produced several original designs which were produced in
quantity, such as the Ro 37 and Ro 37bis two-seat reconnaissance
biplanes, the Ro 43 two-seat fighter-reconnaissance floatplane, and the
single-seat Ro 44 float-plane fighter biplane. The I.M.A.M. Ro 51 was
another of the single- seat interceptor fighter monoplanes produced to
meet similar requirements to those fulfilled by the Macchi C.200 Saetta
and the Fiat G.50 Freccia in 1937-38. Powered by an 840-h.p. Fiat A.74
R.C.38 radial, the Ro 51 was a low-wing monop1ane with a fixed
undercarriage and the usual armament of two 12.7-mm. Breda-Safat guns.<br />
<br />
A
second prototype was fitted with a retractable undercarriage and a
third with a single central float and outboard stabilizing floats, being
intended as a replacement catapult fighter far the Ro 44. Neither water
nor land-based variants of the Ro 51 were placed in production.<br />
<br />
In 1939, Meridionali projected a twin-engined single-seat fighter, the
Ro 57. Powered by two 840-h.p. Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radials, the Ro 57
carried two 12.7-mm. and two 20-mm. guns in the nose, and attained a
maximum speed of 304 m.p.h. Designed by Ing. Giovanni Galasso, the
I.M.A.M. Ro 57 began to leave the production lines of the Naples factory
early in 1942, and entered service in small numbers with Regia
Aeronautica fighter elements defending Italy. Performance of the Ro 57
proved to be inadequate for fighter requirements, and the design was
adapted for the assault role by the attachment of dive brakes and an
under-fuselage crutch for bombs up to 1,100 lb. The assault version was
designated Ro 57bis.<br />
<br />
Two further original designs produced by Meridionali as prototypes were
the Ro 58 and the Ro 63. The Ro 58 was a two-seat heavy fighter similar
in conception to the Me 110. Powered by two 1,050-h.p. DB 601 engines
and of all-metal construction, the Ro 58 was flown at the Guidonia test
establishment in 1943 and proved to be a particularly promising design.
Armament comprised five forward-firing 20-mm. cannon (three in the nose
and two in a blister under the fuselage), and a manually-operated
12.7-mm. gun in the rear cockpit. Maximum speed was 376 m.p.h. at 17,000
ft., and normal range was 932 miles.<br />
<br />
The Ro 63 was a small, three-seat artillery observation and liaison
monoplane powered by a 250-h.p. Hirsh H.M.508D engine. The Ro 63 could
take off in a distance of 200 ft. and land in 180 ft., and quantity
production orders were placed although deliveries had not commenced at
the time of the armistice. The major wartime activities of the
Meridionali plants at Bufola, Vasto and Capodichino were the series
production of Breda Ba 88, Cant Z.1007bis and Cant Z.1018 bombers.<br />
<br />
<br />
REGGIANE: One of the many companies controlled by Count Gianni Caproni,
the Officine Meccaniche "Reggiane" S.A. of Reggio began aircraft
production in 1937 with a variant of the P.32bis (referred to under
Piaggio) which was originally deve1oped from the Ca 405C Procellaria.
The Ca 405C was designed by Reggiane to establish several international
records and powered by two 850-h.p. Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI. R.C.40
liquid-coo1ed engines, featured double-slotted high-lift flaps. The
P.32bis was virtually a redesigned bomber version of the Ca 405C, and
the variant built by Reggiane featured a 1engthened fuse1age.
Simultaneously, Reggiane built the Savoia-Marchetti S.M.79 Sparviero
under license.<br />
<br />
The Reggie design office is best known for the series of single-seat
lighters that it produced for the Regia Aeronautica. The first of these,
the Re 2000 Falco I (readers will note that the Fiat C.R.42 was also
dubbed "Falco"), designed by Alessio and Longhi, was a delightful little
aeroplane, despite its bulky radial engine, and was demonstrated at
Guiding in 1938. Its powers of maneuver were undoubtedly superior to
those of its nearest competitor for production orders, the Macchi C.200
Saetta, and it was favored by the Guidonia test pi1ots, but the
prototype suffered structural deficiencies which, together with
difficult maintenance, dictated the choice of the Saetta far the Regia
Aeronautica. However, several export orders for the Falco I were obtained
(notably from Sweden, here it was designated J 20, and Hungary, where
it was known as le Héjja and later built under license), and production
commenced 1939.<br />
<br />
However, with Italy's entry into the war, the Re 2000 was taken over by
the Regia Aeronautica, later serving in Greece and North Africa, where
its maneuverability delighted its pilots but its armament of two
12.7-mm. Breda-Safat machine guns proved totally inadequate. The
prototype had been powered by a 1,030-h.p. Fiat A.80 R.C.41 radial, but
this was primarily a bomber engine and not entirely suitable as a
fighter power plant. Consequently, the production model of the Re 2000
employed the 986-h.p. Piaggio .XI R.C.40 which provided a top speed of
332 m.p.h. at 16,400 ft. one Re 2000s were adapted as fighter/bombers
with a 440-lb. bomb slung under the fuselage, and in 1942 a series of
experiments l catapult launching were conducted from the deck of the
battleship Italia.<br />
<br />
In 1940 a number of Daimler-Benz DB 601 engines of 1,050 h.p. had
arrived from Germany and been distributed to various Italian fighter
manufacturers far experimental purposes. One of these was installed in a
modified Re 2000 airframe, resulting in a considerable improvement in
climb rate and ceiling. This version was designated 2001 Falco II, and
production deliveries commenced in 1941, first being used by the 2nd
Gruppo Caccia and appearing aver Malta early in 1942. Initially, the
Falco II carried the same armament as s predecessor, but the first
production machines had two 7. 7-mm. machine guns in the wings,
supplementing the two 12.7-mm. guns, and in the Re 2001CN (Caccia
Notturna) night fighter and the 2001H, the 7.7-mm. guns were
supplemented by two 20-mm. Mauser cannon in underwing gondolas. The Re
2001G was a fighter/bomber variant carrying a 440-lb. bomb in an
under-fuselage crutch which cou1d be swung forward to clear the airscrew
for diving attack.<br />
<br />
Development of the original radial-engined Falco I was continued
side-by-side with the inline-engined Falco II, resulting in the 2002
Ariete, which appeared in service in 1942. The Re 2002 Ariete was first
employed by the 5th and 50th Stormi (previously operating Ba 65 and Ba
88 attack aircraft) as a fighter/bomber, and was powered by a 1125-h.p.
Piaggio P.XIX R.C.45 radial enclosed in a neat, Mercier-style cowling.
The Re 2002 was used for a series of trials with a naval torpedo slung
under the fuselage, and when used for the escort tasks with an
under-fuselage drop-tank, was designated Re 2002S (Scorta). The Re
2002bis was an experimental version with a sideways-retracting
undercarriage which was later employed by the Re 2005 Sagittario.<br />
<br />
The Re 2003 was an experimental tandem two-seat reconnaissance-bomber
variant of the original Re 2000. Only two prototypes of the Re 2003 were
built. The Re 2004 was a projected development powered by a 1,250-h.p.
Isotta-Fraschini Zeta R.C.42 (similar to that installed in the Vizzola
F.6Mz) with which a maximum speed of 385 m.p.h. was expected.
Availability of the German DB 605AL engine of 1,250 h.p. led to the
abandoning of the Re 2004 in favour of the Re 2005 Sagittario.<br />
<br />
The Sagittario embodied considerable structural redesign, being fitted
with a longer fuselage and an outward-retracting under- carriage (first
tested on the Re 2002bis), and possessed the then exceptionally heavy
armament (by Italian standards) of three 20-mm. Mauser cannon and two
12.7-mm. Breda-Safat machine guns. The Sagittario was first operational
aver Sicily early in 1943 with the 320th Fighter Squadron (22nd Gruppo)
but did not reach operational service in large numbers, although it was
flown by German and Rumanian pilots after the signing of the armistice
between Italy and the AIlies. The Re 2005R was to have had a
supplementary propulsion unit of the Campini type; the Re 2006, with a
1,350-h.p. DB 603 engine, was on the drawing boards at Reggio when
development ceased.<br />
<br />
<br />
SAVOIA-MARCHETTI: The Societa Italiana Aeroplani "Savoia- Marchetti"
was the major manufacturer of bombing aircraft far the Regia Aeronautica
from the early 'thirties, when the first of the Savoia-Marchetti bomber
tri-motors, the S.M.81 Pipistrello, was delivered to the bomber
squadrons in 1934. The Pipistrello first saw active service in Ethiopia
and subsequently in Spain. It was powered by three 700-h.p. radiaIs and,
with its fixed undercarriage, had a maximum speed of only 217 m.p.h.
Despite its obsolescence, the S.M.81 Pipistrello still served with the
Regia Aeronautica when Italy entered the war, being used as a night
bomber in Greece and North Africa.<br />
<br />
The most important product of the Savoia-Marchetti factories was
undoubtedly the S.M.79 which, although possessing an earlier type number
than that of the Pipistrello, did not actually enter service until
1936. The S.M.79 originally appeared in 1935 as an eight-passenger
commercial monoplane powered by three 650-h.p. Alfa Romeo 125 R.C.35
radials but the initial bomber production version was powered by three
850-h.p. Alfa Romeo 126 R.C.34 radials. Simultaneously, the
Savoia-Marchetti design office developed a twin-engined version of the
design, the S.M.79B, featuring a completely redesigned nose section to
house a bombardier. The S.M.79B was intended primarily for export, and
in 1936 this type won the Military Aircraft Competition organised by the
Argentine Government-during this competition the Italian pilot executed
four /oops-and was awarded an order. The S.M.79B was powered by two
1,030-h.p. Fiat A.80 R.C.41 engines and had a maximum speed of 276
m.p.h. The S.M.79B was also built under license in Romania for Romanian
Air Force bomber elements, Romanian-built aircraft being powered by two
1,100p. Junkers Jumo 2llF liquid-cooled engines, but no machines were
delivered to the Regia Aeronautica.<br />
<br />
The second production version of the S.M.79 (named Sparviero) was the
S.M.79-II powered by three 1,000-h.p. Piaggio P .XI R.C.40 radials which
increased maximum speed from 267 m.p.h. to 295 m.p.h. The final
production series of the Sparviero, the S.M.79-III, was an improved
version which was used after the armistice by the air arm of the
Republica Sociale Italiana, which operated in concert with the
Luftwaffe. The S.M.79-III could be employed as a torpedo bomber,
carrying one or two torpedoes externally under the fuselage, and some
machines had their defensive armament augmented by a forward-firing
20-mm. cannon. One Sparviero was used as a radio-controlled flying bomb
on 13th August 1942, being directed against British warships off the
Algerian coast. However, owing to a fault in the radio circuit, the
aircraft crashed in the mountains of K1enchela.<br />
<br />
The S.M.82 Marsupiale, which appeared in 1938, entered service in 1941
and was employed as a long-range heavy bomber pending the availability
of the Piaggio P.l 08B. The Marsupiale was used far bombing raids on
Palestine and Bahrain Island, and had an unusual central bomb-aimer's
position which retracted into the fuselage.<br />
<br />
However, the major wartime function of the Marsupiale was that of heavy
transport. In 1942 a Marsupiale flew from Rome to Tokyo with a Campini
power plant that had been purchased by Japan for research purposes.<br />
<br />
The S.M.84 (which designation originally caused some confusion as the
S.M.84B was a twin-engined commercial transport of pre- war design
derived from the S.M.73) was a further bomber tri- motor used
extensively in the Mediterranean. The S.M.84, powered by three
I,000-h.p. Piaggio P.XI R.C.40 radials, was first reported in action
against British shipping in the Mediterranean in November 1941, and soon
after its appearance succeeded in scoring a torpedo hit on the
battleship Ne/son. The S.M.84 had a defensive armament of five machine
guns and could carry two torpedoes side by side under the fuselage.<br />
<br />
The S.M.85 and S.M.86 were both light, twin-engined dive- bombers of
pre-war design the S.M.85 was powered by two 460-h.p. Piaggio P.VII
R.C.35 radials and a small production batch was built. However, the type
was unsuccessful and never used operationally. The S.M.86 was a
development of the S.M.85 powered by two 520-h.p. Walter Sagitta engines
which progressed no further than the prototype stage. Another
experimental prototype was the S.M.87 twin-float seaplane transport
version of the land- based S.M.75. The S.M.87 was powered by three
960-h.p. Pratt and Whitney SG 3G radials.<br />
<br />
In 1943, Savoia-Marchetti completed the prototypes of four assault
aircraft, the S.M.89, the S.M.91, the S.M.92 and the S.M.93 (the S.M.90
was a commercial transport powered by three 1,400-h.p. Alfa Romeo 135
R.C.32 radials). The S.M.89 was virtually a twin-engined development of
the S.M.84, with the wings of the earlier aircraft and two 1,350-h.p.
Piaggio P.XII R.C.35 radial engines. The S.M.89 carried a forward-firing
armament of two 37-mm. cannon and three 12.7-mm. machine guns in the
nose, and a further 12.7-mm. gun in a dorsal turret. Maximum speed was
286 m.p.h. at 17,388 ft. The S.M.91 and S.M.92 were both two-seat
twin-boom fighter-bombers powered by two 1,475-h.p. DB 605 engines. They
differed primarily in that the S.M.91 possessed a central cockpit
nacelle between the twin booms, whereas the S.M.92 carried both crew
members in the port boom (like the Caproni Ca 380 Corsaro). The armament
of the S.M.91 comprised four 20-mm. cannon and two 12.7-mm. machine
guns (in the wing roots) firing forward, and one manually-operated
12.7-mm. gun far rear defence. The S.M.92 had a forward-firing armament
of three 20-mm. cannon (one firing through the airscrew hub of the
starboard engine and two mounted in the wing centre section) and four
12.7-mm. guns mounted in two pairs under each engine. Rear defence was
provided by a 12.7-mm. gun installed in a remotely- controlled barbette
mounted centrally on the tailplane.<br />
<br />
Savoia-Marchetti's final wartime prototype was the S.M.93 dive-bombing
and ground attack aircraft. The S.M.93 carried a crew of two, the pilot
lying in a prone position, and power was provided by a 1,475-h.p. DB 605
engine. Armament comprised one 20-mm. cannon firing through the
airscrew hub, one 12.7-mm. gun in each wing and one manually-operated
12.7-mm. gun fired by the observer. Maximum bomb loads included 1,800
lb. under the fuselage and 1,400 lb. under the wings, and maximum speed
was 337 m.p.h. at 22,975 ft. Only single prototypes were built of each
of the last four aircraft mentioned.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-53750853653862229052018-05-18T18:26:00.003+08:002018-05-18T18:51:41.997+08:00IMAM Ro.57<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The Ro.57 was preceded by another twin-engine fighter
design, the Ro.53, which never entered production. The Ro.57 consisted of an
all metal, semi-monocoque fuselage with a steel skeleton and Duralumin
structure. The wings were also Duralumin.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Powered by two 840 hp Fiat A.74 radial engines giving a
maximum speed of 516 km/h, which in 1939 was better than that of the main
Italian fighter, the Macchi C.200 (504 km/h). After testing at Guidonia it was
proposed by IMAM for use as a dive bomber. This transformation, which involved
the addition of dive brakes, provision for 500 kg bombs and an improved forward
firing armament (adding two 20 mm cannon), took time and delayed production.
The resulting aircraft was designated the Ro.57bis. Performance dropped to 457
km/h maximum speed and to 350 km/h at cruise speed. The Ro.57bis was ordered
into production in 1942 and entered service with the 97 Gruppo in 1943. About
50-60 aircraft were delivered.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is said that the Ro.57 could had been the long range
interceptor that Italy lacked throughout the war. It proved to be too costly
for the limited weapons it carried and it never was assigned a clear role</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two hundred aircraft were ordered, but only about 75 were
produced in two versions, one flown as an interceptor, the other in the role of
a ground attack aircraft.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An improved version of the Ro. 57, the Ro. 58 first flew in
1942 and was among Italy's first twin--engined machines to make use of 0.8.601
engines with speed capabilities in the region of 600 km/h, a rather remarkable
performance for a heavy combat and attack machine. Also its armament, unlike
its predecessor, was increased by the adoption of five 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon
and one 12.7 mm SAFAT machine-gun. Featuring a brilliant performance in 1943 it
was the recipient of a production order for 50 machines that, however, were
never built.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>General characteristics</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crew: One</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Length: 8.80 m (28 ft 10½ in)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wingspan: 12.50 m (41 ft 0 in)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Height: 2.90 m (9 ft 6in)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wing area: 23.0 m² (248 ft²)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Empty weight: 3,497 kg (7,694 lb)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Loaded weight: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Powerplant: 2— Fiat A.74 R.C.38 14-cylinder air-cooled
radial engines, 627 kW (840 hp) each</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Performance</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maximum speed: 501 km/h (270 kts, 311 mph) at 5,000 m
(16,400 ft)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cruise speed: 390 km/h (210 kts, 242 mph)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Range: 1,200 km (648 nm, 745 mi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Service ceiling 7,800 m (25,590 ft)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wing loading: 217 kg/m² (44.4 lb/ft²)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Power/mass: 0.25 kW/kg (0.15 hp/lb)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Climb to 6,000 m (19,700 ft): 9 min 30 sec</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-48390152948990086592016-10-27T00:55:00.003+08:002016-10-27T00:55:48.270+08:00List of Regia Aeronautica aircraft used in World War II<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article">
<h4>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Regia_Aeronautica_aircraft_used_in_World_War_II">List of Regia Aeronautica aircraft used in World War II - Wikipedia</a></h4>
A list of aircraft used by Italy during World War II until its capitulation to the Allies in September 1943. Aircraft marked in pink were captured, aircraft in blue did not progress past prototypes.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-60202588213208651172016-08-14T16:17:00.002+08:002016-08-14T16:17:27.992+08:00Italian East Africa 1940-41<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
The colony of Italian East Africa was to be short lived, and on 18
January 1941 Emperor Haile Selassie would cross the border into
Abyssinia and raise his flag and march at the head of his irregular
army into Addis Ababa on 5 May.<br />
<br />
<br />
The second Italo-Abyssinian war was devastating for Abyssinia.
Over three-quarters of a million people were killed, half a million
houses were destroyed, along with six million cattle, seven million
sheep and goats, a million horses and mules and two thousand
churches.<br />
<br />
<br />
By June 1940 the balance of power, as we shall see, was entirely
in favour of the Italians. The bulk of British strength was
concentrated to defend the Suez Canal, and so was in Egypt. There
were small forces of both British and French troops in their
respective Somaliland territories.<br />
<br />
<br />
With France falling in May 1940, the Mediterranean, the Middle
East and East Africa were all vulnerable. It was very much a question
of what Mussolini would choose to do, as it seemed that the
initiative was very much with him. It would have been relatively easy
for the Italians to seize almost anything for very little cost.<br />
<br />
<br />
There was an enormous danger with Italy joining the war for the
Mediterranean to become untenable for the Allies. If Italy were to
press its claim for control of the Mediterranean, then British forces
bound for the Middle East would have to be brought all around Africa
and come into the Middle East via the Red Sea. This, then, made East
Africa all the more important. A strong and determined Italy, in
control of the entrance to the Red Sea, could place Britain’s
tenuous control of the Suez Canal, Egypt and vital oil assets in
jeopardy.<br />
<br />
<br />
Some attempts had been made to strengthen the Royal Air Force in
the Sudan, British Somaliland, Kenya and Aden. Any such move,
however, would only seek to weaken the already stretched forces in
Egypt. There could be no hope of launching any offensive action in
this theatre either on the ground or in the air. What assets could be
spared in East Africa were little more than police forces and patrol
units.<br />
<br />
<br />
Although Italian East Africa was vast, it was not an ideal theatre
of war with its enormous highlands, deserts and rainy seasons. Across
the region there were areas that were virtually deserts, while others
were sub-tropical. There were few good roads, and in the rainy season
they became almost impassable. There were just two railway lines: one
ran from the Eritrean port of Massawa to Asmara and Tessenei, and the
other ran from Addis Ababa to Djibouti in French Somaliland.<br />
<br />
<br />
Although Italian East Africa was some 600 per cent larger than
Italy itself, it was effectively cut off. To send troops, supplies or
ammunition meant that the vessels would have to pass Gibraltar and
then proceed down the west coast of Africa, around the Horn and up
the east coast towards Italian Somaliland. In any case, both the
Italian army and the air force were designed primarily as a colonial
force. There was only a single, regular, Italian division – the
Savoy Grenadiers. There were also territorial units, or Blackshirt
battalions. These were men predominantly middle aged, with little in
the way of training or equipment, who had somehow been persuaded to
avoid the humiliation of unemployment at home for the uncertain
virtues of life in East Africa.<br />
<br />
<br />
The bulk of the army was, however, native units. They were
recruited on a tribal basis. They were not designed to fight
conventional wars; they lacked mobility, were terrified of artillery
fire and were led by aloof Italian officers on horseback. There were
also native scouts and skirmishers, again led by Italian officers.
Added to this there were also irregular troops, who tended to be used
for police duties. To support the ground forces there were a handful
of tanks and armoured cars, mostly old and poorly maintained. The
artillery was also outdated, and even anti-aircraft defences were
poor. In all, the ground forces could muster some sixteen battalions,
a pair of armoured car companies, two squadrons of tanks, ten
artillery units, 123 native battalions, eight units of cavalry, some
light artillery carried by mules and some irregulars. In total the
Italians could muster upwards of 280,000 men. This was increased to
330,000 in June 1940. Reservists had been called up, although most of
these men were either too old or too poorly trained to be of any use.
There was a shortage of rifles, and many native units had been
deployed as road builders.<br />
<br />
<br />
Considering the enormous distances involved and the poor
infrastructure, added to which the troops available were not suitable
for large-scale offensive actions, it was understandable that Italian
commanders in East Africa were unwilling to consider much more than
defence.<br />
<br />
<br />
Facing the northern borders with the Sudan were some 100,000
troops. These were primarily concentrated from the Red Sea coast to
the border facing Khartoum. Some 83,000 men were on the borders of
French and British Somaliland, 20,000 men formed the Army of the
Juba, 40,000 were in central Abyssinia and just a scattering of
forces covered the rest of the Sudanese border and the border with
Kenya.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ground forces were supported by a small Italian navy based in the
Eritrean ports of Massawa and Assab. They had two squadrons of
destroyers and eight largely unserviceable submarines.<br />
<br />
<br />
The Italian Air Force, or Regia Aeronautica, was of a reasonable
size. The bulk of the aircraft were Caproni Ca 133s. They were
perfectly designed for their original purpose. The aircraft were
monoplanes with three engines, and could be used for bombing, troop
carrying or cargo carrying. But they were only any good if the enemy
did not have their own aircraft or anti-aircraft defences; simply
they were too slow and too poorly armed.<br />
<br />
<br />
Another common aircraft was the Savoia S.81. This was a
three-engined monoplane with fixed undercarriage. It would turn out
to be so poor that it would only be used at night. Another aircraft
deployed by the Italian Air Force in June 1940 was the Savoia S.79.
It was a three-engined monoplane with a retractable undercarriage.
Two of its five machine-guns were 12.7 mm, and it was without doubt
the best aircraft to be deployed by any force in the region. The
third engine, in the nose, limited its effectiveness, particularly
when it was used on bombing missions. Added to this, there were very
few spare parts for the aircraft.<br />
<br />
<br />
Two of the fighter squadrons were flying the Fiat CR.32. It was a
biplane, and, as the Italians would discover, it was far too slow to
catch their bombers. Three other fighter squadrons were equipped with
Fiat CR.42s. It was to be one of the more successful Italian aircraft
in the theatre. The Italian pilots would discover that it was more
manoeuvrable than the Hurricane and faster than the Gladiator. The
three squadrons of CR.42s – 412th, 413th and 414th Squadrons –
would have mixed fortunes. The best squadron was the 412th.<br />
<br />
<br />
Another fighter squadron, the 110th, was flying Meridionali
Ro.37bis, twin-seat biplanes. They were originally designed for
reconnaissance, observation and army co-operation. They were to prove
particularly useless when ordered to intercept enemy aircraft.<br />
<br />
<br />
The most powerful striking force of the Italian Air Force in East
Africa was, of course, the three main bomber groups. The fighters
were scattered all around East Africa. Generale Pietro Pinna was the
air commander in East Africa. His instructions on the outbreak of war
were to hit any British airfields or ports within striking distance.
The availability of bombs was to be a considerable problem. He would
reserve his 250 kg bombs for stationary ships in port. Ships at sea
would be attacked with 50 kg bombs.<br />
<br />
<br />
In all, across Italian East Africa, there were nine Italian
aircraft groups. Each of the groups could have from two to eight
squadriglie. Broadly speaking, the strength of one of these was
similar to an RAF flight. However, the Italian fighters were usually
in the larger squadriglie, and these could be as large as an RAF
squadron.<br />
<br />
<br />
The Italian Air Force was organised into three distinct areas.
Comando Settore Aeronautico Nord (Air Sector Headquarters North) was
based in Asmara in Eritrea. The 26th Group could muster twelve
Caproni Ca 133s (11th and 13th Squadriglie). These were based at
Gondar and Bahar Dar. The 27th Group had the 18th and 52nd
Squadriglie, also with a dozen Ca 133s at Assab. The 118th
Squadriglia, also part of 27th Group, with half a dozen Savoia S.81s,
was also based at Assab. At Zula was 28th Group with the 10th and
19th Squadriglie, and they had twelve S.81s. The 62nd and 63rd
Squadriglie of 29th Group were based at Assab with a dozen S.81s. The
rest of the group was scattered, apart from 413th Squadriglia, with
its nine CR.42s at Assab. The 412th Squadriglia had four CR.42s at
Massawa and five at Gura. Also at Gura was the 29th Group’s final
squadriglia, the 414th, with six more CR.42s. At Agordat there was
Gasbarrini Group, with twelve Caproni Ca 133s (41st Squadriglia and
Squadriglia Dello Stato Maggiore Del Settore Nord).<br />
<br />
<br />
On the western side of Italian East Africa, based at Addis Ababa,
was the Comando Settore Aeronautico Ovest. The 4th and 44th Gruppi
were based at Diredawa. The 4th Gruppo, consisting of the 14th and
15th Squadriglie, mustered some twelve Savoia S.81s. The 44th Gruppo,
consisting of the 6th and 7th Squadriglie, had twelve Savoia S.79s.
The 49th Gruppo, based at Jimma, was made up of the 61st and 64th
Squadriglie with some twelve Caproni Ca 133s. Both the 110th and
410th Squadriglie were also at Diredawa; the 110th had nine Ro.37bis
and the 410th had nine CR.32s. Based at Addis Ababa was the 411th
Squadriglia, also with nine CR.32s, and Squadriglia Dello Stato
Maggiore Del Settore Centrale with six Ca 133s. The 65th Squadriglia
had six Ca 133s and was based at Neghelli, and the 66th Squadriglia
was at Yavello with three Ca 133s.<br />
<br />
<br />
Based around Mogadishu was Comando Settore Aeronautico Sud. This
consisted of the 25th Gruppo, which had the 8th and 9th Squadriglie
with twelve Ca 133s. Half of these were based at Gobwen, and the
other half at Lugh Ferrandi. Finally, at Mogadishu were the seven Ca
133s of the Squadriglia Dello Stato Maggiore Del Settore.<br />
<br />
<br />
The Italians also had a considerable number of transport aircraft.
There were nine Savoia S.73s and a similar number of Ca 133s. There
was one Fokker FVII and six Ca 148s. The reserve forces consisted of
thirty-five Ca 133s, six CR.42s, five CR.32s, four S.79s and two
Ro.37bis. In addition to this were aircraft that were currently under
repair, and these included forty-eight Ca 133s, sixteen S.81s, eleven
CR.32s and two of each of S.79s, CR.42s and Ro.37bis.<br />
<br />
<br />
Although the numbers of aircraft presented an impressive total,
one of the key problems was the position and the state of the
airfields. The bulk of the airfields were at the edges of the Italian
territories and therefore potentially vulnerable. Many of the
airfields had also been designed primarily for use by Ca 133s, and as
a consequence the runways were too short for S.79s and CR.42s. The
crews were not, by and large, the most adept of pilots; few had
decent navigation skills; maps were at a premium; few of the aircraft
had radios, and this meant that it was difficult not only to
communicate between ground and air but to co-ordinate the flights
themselves.<br />
<br />
<br />
Allied forces in the region were neither that impressive nor
necessarily well positioned. In the Sudan, based at Erkowit, was the
impressively named Advanced Striking Force of the RAF. It comprised
254 Wing, which had three squadrons, all of which had been supplied
with the Vickers Wellesley. This was a single-engined bomber, and in
every other theatre barring the Sudan it had already been phased out.
No. 47 Squadron, commanded by Wg Cdr J.G. Elton, was actually based
at Erkowit. At Port Sudan was Sqn Ldr A.D. Selway’s 14 Squadron,
and at Summit was 223 Squadron, commanded by Sqn Ldr J.C. Larking.<br />
<br />
<br />
Attached to 47 Squadron was D Flight of the Sudan Defence Force,
commanded by Gp Capt Macdonald. They had been supplied with seven
Vickers Vincent biplanes. On 3 June 1940 they were reinforced by nine
Gloster Gladiators of 112 Squadron. They would be based at Summit and
would be responsible for protecting Port Sudan and other bases in the
Sudan. By August 1940 Air Cdre L.H. Slatter would be in position to
take command of all forces in the Sudan, as part of 203 Group.<br />
<br />
<br />
AVM G.R.M. Reid commanded both the ground forces and air assets in
the Aden Protectorate. Reid’s responsibility was not only to deal
with tribesmen in Aden, but also to protect vessels passing through
the Red Sea. Based at Khormaksar was 8 Squadron, commanded by Sqn Ldr
D.S. Radford. No. 8 Squadron had a flight of Vincents and a flight of
Bristol Blenheims. No. 94 Squadron, based at Sheik Othman and
commanded by Sqn Ldr W.T.F. Wightman, had a single flight of
Gladiators. Working alongside 8 Squadron at Khormaksar was 203
Squadron. Wg Cdr J.R.S. Streatfield had Blenheim IVs, which had been
converted to operate as long-range fighters. In June 1940 Blenheim Is
of 39 Squadron were en route from India to Sheik Othman, and more
Blenheim Is were coming from Singapore, as part of 11 Squadron. They
were also due to set up at Sheik Othman.<br />
<br />
<br />
To the south of Italian East Africa, in Kenya, there were no RAF
units available at the start of 1940. In April, 1 Squadron of the
Southern Rhodesian Air Force arrived at Nairobi and became part of
237 Squadron. They were equipped with Army Co-operation biplanes,
mainly Hawker Harts, Hardies and Audaxes.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additional air assets would be provided by the South African Air
Force. In September 1939 the South Africans could muster sixty-three
Hawker Hartebeests (these were converted Hawker Harts), eighteen
Junkers Ju86s (these were former South African Airways airliners that
had been converted into bombers and reconnaissance aircraft), six
Hawker Fury Is, four Hawker Hurricane Is and a single Blenheim IF.<br />
<br />
<br />
Britain had provided South Africa with several additional aircraft
by May 1940, including Avro Ansons (maritime reconnaissance) and some
Vickers Valentia Transports. A further ten Ju52/3M aircraft,
belonging to South African Airways, had been requisitioned as
military transports. The South Africans had also been able to create
three squadrons of Hawker Hurricanes and Furies. The flights,
commanded by Capt S. Van Schalkwyk, Lt B.J.L. Boyle and Lt S. van
Breda Theron, became operational by the middle of 1940. The unit was
commanded by Maj N.G. Neblock-Stuart.<br />
<br />
<br />
On 13 May 1940 the pilots of the first two flights were
transported to Egypt to be converted to use Gloster Gladiators. They
were trained on Gloster Gauntlets. Once the training period was over,
they would ferry their own aircraft south to Nairobi. Six days later,
on 19 May, Maj R. Preller’s 11 Bomber Squadron, with twenty-four
Hartebeests and a Fairey Battle, headed for Nairobi.<br />
<br />
<br />
There was more reshuffling; 12 Bomber Squadron had their Ansons
replaced by Ju86s, and along with 1 Squadron’s Hurricanes they too
headed for Nairobi, arriving there on 25 May. The Ju86s were
commanded by Maj C. Martin, and the Hurricanes were led by Lt Theron.
Once 12 Squadron had arrived at Nairobi, together with 11 Squadron,
they became 1 Bomber Brigade under Lt Col S.A. Melville. No. 1
Squadron’s Furies were disassembled on 26 May and ferried to Kenya
on board the SS Takliwa, arriving in Kenya on 1 June. Two of 11
Squadron’s flights shifted to Mombasa.<br />
<br />
By the second week of June there were forty-six South African
aircraft, a single Rhodesian squadron and additional aircraft for
liaison duties available in Kenya. No. 12 Squadron’s Ju86s were
dispersed, with A Flight, commanded by Capt Raubenheimer, at
Dar-Es-Salaam, B Flight at Mombasa under Capt D. Meaker, and Capt D.
Du Toit’s C Flight remaining at Nairobi.<br />
<br />
<br />
Completing the Allied air forces available was a tiny force in
French Somaliland. This was the Armée de l’Air. It had eleven
Potez 25 Army Co-operation biplanes, four Potez 631 reconnaissance
bombers, three Morane 406 fighters and a pair of Potez 29 transport
and liaison biplanes.<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-85919124446104086582016-08-14T15:06:00.002+08:002016-08-14T15:06:34.791+08:00Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
In July 1943, a coup ousted Mussolini from power. He was made
captive by his enemies but rescued in a daring mission the following
September 12 by German commandoes. The Duce thereafter reestablished
himself in the north, at the town of Salo, where he set up the
Repubblica Sociale Italiana (RSI), the Italian Social Republic. Its
chief purpose was to continue the fight against the Anglo-American
invaders by creating a new armed forces, including the Aeronautica
Nazionale Repubblicana. Members of the former Italian Air Force
responded virtually en masse to his call for volunteers. For example,
of 66 Macchi MB.205 fighters still in service, all save half a dozen
were flown away from the south. Less than 200 men out of the Regia
Aeronautica's 12,000 officers and 160,000 NCOs flew for Marshal
Badoglio's puppet Co-Belligerent Air Force (the Aeronautica
Cobelligerante del Sud) operating at the behest of the Western
Allies. In short order, most of these volunteers became disenchanted
with their new superiors, who re-assigned them to transport duties on
behalf of Tito's Communist partisans in Yugoslavia.<br />
<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the ANR's unexpected influx of volunteers fleshed out
into one fighter group (the Gruppo Caccia Asso di Bastoni) composed
of three squadrons, a bomber group (the 2° Gruppo Caccia "Gigi
Tre Osei") of three squadrons, a torpedo-bomber group (the
Gruppo Aerosiluranti Buscaglia Faggioni), the supporting Squadriglia
complementare cl'allarme "Montefusco-Bonet," and the 2°
Gruppo Aerotrasporti "Terraciano" for training. The Gruppo
Caccia Asso di Bastoni defended industrial areas controlled by the
RSI, intercepted enemy aircraft en route to southern Germany, offered
close support for Italo-German land forces, and carried out missions
outside the Salo Republic's immediate sphere of influence.<br />
<br />
<br />
The ANR's ex-Regia Aeronautica warplanes were augmented by factory
replacement production, provided especially by Turin's Fiat plant,
and arrivals from Germany in the form of Fieseler Storch liaison
planes, Dornier Do.217 medium-bombers, Messerschmitt Bf 109
interceptors, and Bf-110 ground-attack "destroyers:' In all, the
Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana operated no less than 56 different
types of aircraft, from doddering CR.32 biplane veterans of the
Ethiopian War to another Fiat, the finest of World War II. Described
by Oberst Hans Petersen, inspection officer of the Luftwaffe's
aircraft evaluation department, as "the best fighter in the
Axis;' the G.55 was powered by a liquid-cooled inverted V-12,
1,475-hp Fiat R.A 1050 Tifone engine (a license-built Daimler-Benz DB
605A-1), enabling the sleek Centauro to climb almost 23,000 feet in
under nine minutes. With a maximum speed of 417 mph at that altitude,
and armed with three 20-mm cannons mounted in the engine and wings,
plus two 12.7-mm machine-guns in the fuselage, the "Centaur"
was a lethal bomber-killer that could equally compete with top Allied
fighters.<br />
<br />
<br />
Its baptism of fire came on June 5,1943, when the first few G.55s
assigned to the 20° Gruppo of the 51°Stormo at Capoterra, near
Cagliari, decimated an RAF attack against Sardinia. In early summer,
they were transferred to the 353rd Squadriglia, joining two dozen
more Fiats in the 2nd Gruppo Caccia Terrestre at Veneria Real. In
defending Rome from American bomber streams, the Centaurs scored
heavily against B-17 Flying Fortresses, while dealing handily with
P-51 escorts. When Marshal Badoglio declared an armistice with the
Allies on September 8, just 1 of the 35 new Fiats that had been
delivered flew south to join his Co-Belligerent Air Force. The rest
became part of the ANR's Squadriglia Montefusco, in November 1943,
operating from Piemonte.<br />
<br />
<br />
G.55 production resumed in the north, resulting in another 97
specimens until March 29, 1944, when the Montefusco was absorbed by
the 1st Gruppo and transferred to Veneto. By then, the redoubtable
fighter had made such a name for itself among Anglo-American pilots,
they organized a special raid aimed directly at curtailing its
further existence by carpet bombing the city of Turin, where the Fiat
plant was located, on April 25. Civilian casualties were high, and
the plant was heavily damaged, but only 15 Centaurs-some near
completion on the assembly lines, others ready for delivery to the
factory airfield-were lost.<br />
<br />
<br />
On recommendations of German observers from their Ruestungs and
Kriegsproduktion Stab (the Armaments and War Production Staff),
further G.55 manufacture was dispersed across Monferrato, enabling
workers in various towns and villages throughout the area to
construct different specific parts, which were then brought together
for rapid assembly in Turin. German efficiency measures also reduced
Centaur fabrication from 15,000 to 9,000 man-hours per finished
airplane. In all, 274 of the latest Fiats were produced by war's end.<br />
<br />
<br />
The Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana eventually became so
powerful, it could afford to send the 1° Gruppo Aerotrasporti
"Trabucchi" to serve beyond Italy in the Baltic, at Spilve,
near Riga, from whence its crewmen defended Latvia against Soviet
invasion, until they were virtually annihilated by late summer 1944.
Several hundred ANR crews training on Messerschmitt Bf.109s and Fiat
interceptors in Germany were prevented by the Third Reich's
deteriorating military situation from returning to Italy, opting to
defend its capital city during the climactic Battle of Berlin. From
mid-March to early May 1945, some of the latest G.55 Centaurs and
Macchi Greyhounds threw themselves against an immense enemy air fleet
of bombers and fighters, much to the alarm of Soviet pilots.<br />
<br />
<br />
ANR maritime attacks continued until very late in the war. After
several successful raids against American forces pinned down at the
Anzio beach head, the Gruppo Aerosiluranti "Buscaglia Faggioni"
relocated to coastal Greece, where its Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
Sparrowhawks menaced Allied shipping, sinking a 5,000-ton British
transport north of Benghazi, Libya, and another enemy freighter out
of Rimini as late in the war as February 5, 1945. Ten S.M.79
Sparviero bombers formed an antishipping unit based at Ghedi, in
Lombardy, beginning in October 1944. They celebrated Christmas Day by
attacking an Allied convoy near Ancona, torpedoing a 7,000-ton
freighter.<br />
<br />
<br />
Outstanding was the ANR's 1st Gruppo "Asso di Bastoni,"
which made its debut on January 3, 1944, with the destruction of four
P-38 Lightnings, minus casualties. Before March, its crews claimed 26
combat victories, mostly over Americans, for the loss of 9 comrades.
On the 11th of that month alone, a dozen more of the foe fell under
their guns, at the cost of three Italian airmen. A week later, 30
Macchi Veltros were joined by 60 Messerschmitt Gustavs of JG.77 to
intercept 450 Allied bombers and dozens more escorting fighters. That
the Axis crews achieved four "kills" for the loss of just
one of their own against such opposition was remarkable.<br />
<br />
<br />
By late summer 1944, ANR pilots were confronted by almost
overwhelming odds, as evidenced by the loss on August 25 of Corporal
Teresio Martinoli, Italy's top-scoring ace, with 22 confirmed combat
victories. Even so, it was less the aerial competition offered by
their increasingly outnumbering enemies in the sky, than the
Italians' own lack of sufficient replacement parts and especially
aviation fuel that grounded ANR aircraft, leaving them sitting
targets for AngloAmerican warplanes.<br />
<br />
<br />
From Italy's June 10, 1940, declaration of war against the Western
Allies until the Badoglio armistice of September 8, 1943, Regia
Aeronautica air crews accounted for 2,522 combat "kills, plus 74
Soviet aircraft claimed by the Comando Aeronautica Fronte Orientate,
losing 15 of its own on the Eastern Front, largely through accidents
in Russia's icy conditions. An additional 265 Western Allied
warplanes were shot down by Mussolini's Aeronautica Nazionale
Repubblicana between December 1943 and April 1945 for the loss of 158
Italian crewmen. These figures do not, of course, include enemy
aircraft destroyed on the ground, in excess of 1,000 warplanes. Regia
Aeronautica and Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana bombers sank
approximately 80 Allied warships and more than 200 freighters,
damaging another 500 vessels of all types, many of them beyond
salvage.<br />
<br />
<br />
The measure of this achievement, plus the courage and skill of
Italian crews, is self-evident in the technical inferiority of the
aircraft they mostly flew against numerically superior opponents.
Officially, both Italian air forces in World War II combined produced
100 aces, each one scoring a minimum of five "kills" in the
air. These figures are misleading, however, as destroyed aircraft
were not credited to individual pilots but instead to their own
squadrillia until later in the war. Airmen who demonstrated
exceptionally high skills were commonly reassigned from frontline
service to become instructors or promoted into the Regia
Aeronautica's command structure, a policy that explains the low
number of kills credited to Italian flyers relative to the aces of
other nations. Fascist Italy's most outstanding military aviators
were not allowed to remain in combat operations for as long as their
foreign contemporaries, and the "kills" they did make often
went uncredited.<br />
<br />
<br />
The last fighter missions on behalf of the Aeronautica Nazionale
Repubblicana were carried out by the 2nd Fighter Group "Gigi Tre
Osei" on April 19, 1945, when, in a final gesture of defiance,
its crews went down fighting against impossibly high numbers of the
enemy, taking several Lockheed Lightnings, P-51 Mustangs, and
Supermarine Spitfires with them into eternity. Nine days later,
Mussolini was dead. Shortly before his arrest and execution by
Communist partisans, he told a despairing colleague, "There is
no shame in defeat. The only disgrace is cowardice. We have nothing
to be ashamed of."<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-67041283228368132422016-03-13T19:40:00.004+08:002016-03-13T19:40:59.202+08:00AOI: Keren and Air Superiority<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Fiat CR42 downing a Gloster Gladiator </b></i></div>
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Immediately after the battle of Agordat on 1 February 1941,
Gazelle Force was instructed to pursue the Italians towards Keren. The British
were held up at the Barak river, where the Ponte Mussolini bridge had been
partially destroyed. The main girders had been severely damaged and it was
impossible to get motor transport over it. At this point the Barak was around
150 yards wide and consisted of a strip of very soft, deep sand that, without a
temporary track, vehicles had no hope of crossing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Italians were not about to make even this difficult task
easy for the British, as they had laid a large number of mines around the
approaches to the bridge and were covering the minefield with machine-gun posts
and an artillery piece. This small rearguard was quickly overwhelmed by field
artillery, which allowed the British to lay their track, and by the evening of
2 February Gazelle Force, along with six light tanks and the 11th Indian
Infantry Brigade, was just five miles from Keren.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the skies on 1 February, 1 SAAF Squadron’s fighters had
broken up an attack by five S.79s near Agordat. By this stage the Italian Air
Force was in a parlous state. Since the middle of January it had lost seventeen
aircraft due to enemy action, three more had been destroyed in accidents and
twenty-four more were out of commission until at least March, due to the
severity of the damage. This now meant that the Italian Air Force in East
Africa could muster just thirty-seven Ca 133s, fifteen CR.42s, fourteen CR.32s,
seven S.79s, six S.81s, two Ro.37bis and one S.82. The Italians by this stage
also knew that it was suicidal to launch Ca 133s against any Allied target
unless they were protected by fighters. It was the view of the Italian command
that if air activities continued at its present level of intensity for another
fortnight the Italian Air Force would virtually cease to exist.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was another Italian casualty on 2 February when a
patrol of 3 SAAF Squadron Hurricanes flew a sortie to Afmadu. The pilots, Capt
J.E. Frost and Lt Hewitson, saw nothing on their first sortie, but on their
second they spotted a Ca 133 on the ground. Frost strafed it and set it on
fire. By now 3 SAAF was based at Aligabe and was very much at the forefront of
the push.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, on the ground, as Gazelle Force pressed on from
Ponte Mussolini they encountered a good road heading north-east over rolling
terrain. Ahead of them was an escarpment, literally the entrance into Eritrea.
The escarpment seemed to stretch for miles, and indeed for the last few miles
before Keren the road ran through a narrow valley, with the escarpment on the
left and an enormous spur on the right. It would be in this valley and the
surrounding heights that the battle of Keren would be fought. There were
Italian observation posts all above the valley, some as high as 2,000 ft.
During daylight hours nothing could move without being seen. The valley was
bare; a handful of trees and some scrub and no other cover. The valley was
wide; between half a mile and a mile and a half. The road itself ran along the
south side of the valley as far as Mount Dologorodoc, where it turned sharply
to the north over a bridge and then uphill to enter the Dongolaas Gorge, which
was no more than 330 yards wide. Above was Fort Dologorodoc, and here was a
wide part, known as the Happy Valley. The only entrance for real traffic was
over the bridge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the north wall of the valley was the Acqua Gap, flanked
to the east by Mount Zelale, known as the Sphinx due to its shape. Fort
Dologorodoc, guarding the entrance to the gorge, was overlooked to the east by
Mount Falestoh, to the north-east by Mount Zeban and to the north-west by Mount
Sanchil. Fire could be brought down on the fort from any of these summits.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To the north-west of Mount Sanchil were a series of features
that would play an important role in the battle – Brig’s Peak, Sugar Loaf,
Saddle, Near Feature, Hog’s Back, Flat Top Hill, Mole Hill, Mount Samanna and
Mount Amba. All of the mountains were steep, covered in boulders and scrub,
there were no paths and some took as much as an hour and a half to climb.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The railway running from Agordat to Keren ran along the
north side of the valley. When it reached Dongolaas Gorge it had climbed a
third of the way up the lower slopes of Mount Sanchil. The railway would be of
enormous use, particularly to the 4th Indian Division.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Agordat fell, Keren was believed to have been held by
just a single colonial brigade. The British believed that if they moved quickly
they could overrun Keren before the Italians poured reinforcements into it.
Unfortunately, intelligence revealed that by 2 February the Italians had in
fact already reinforced Keren. A colonial brigade and part of a Grenadier
division had been brought up from Addis Ababa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By now the British were at the first major Italian roadblock
in the Dongolaas Gorge. The Italians had sited units to cover the position. Any
British that drew close to it came under immediate fire. A reconnaissance was
sent out, and although the British tried to rush the roadblock on 3 February,
they were unable to get past. The 2nd Camerons worked their way towards Brig’s
Peak and secured Cameron Ridge. Meanwhile Skinner’s Horse was sent around the
right flank, and units probed into the Happy Valley to try and find a way
around the block.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Storming the Italian positions at Keren was not a task that
the British could take lightly. Added to the natural strength of the Italian
positions, the temperature was also rising daily. Both the British and the
Italians knew that the engagement at Keren would be decisive. A surprise attack
by the British was unlikely, as the Italians had good observation posts and the
air force was still active. The British knew that this would not be an easy
assault. Keren was indeed a tough nut to crack. Any casualties now would be
incredibly difficult to replace.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The British hunted for a way past the block; in fact the 3rd
Central Indian Horse hunted for a way through some sixty miles to the south,
and reached Arresa, which No. 2 Motor Machine-gun Group of the Sudan Defence
Force had reached. They found that Arresa was a possibility, but they could see
how difficult the route was, as the Italians had abandoned nearly all their
vehicles along here in their retreat from Barentu. It would take time to build
a road through here, and every wasted hour would give the Italians an
opportunity to move troops down and make Arresa as difficult as Keren.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The expected rains would also make the route impossible. The
British hunted to the north and found nothing, and they came to the gradual
realisation that only at Keren was there any real option.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 3 February Hurricanes of 3 SAAF Squadron scrambled over
the Dif area. Later Lt Marsh escorted Hartebeests of 41 SAAF Squadron on an
attack on Afmadu. Marsh engaged one of five CR.42s that came up to intercept,
but it evaded him in the clouds. Capt Frost, based at Aligabe, on his third
sortie of the day, saw three Ca 133s bombing a British camp at Dif. He dived to
attack, making a frontal attack on the third Ca 133. He was then bounced by two
CR.42s. Frost evaded them and swung around to try and catch the Ca 133s again.
As he came in for another attack the CR.42s tried to intercept him. He fired a
burst of machine-gun fire into one of them. The CR.42 pulled up and then spun
down, crash-landing in a ball of flames. Frost then turned to attack the
bombers again. The Ca 133s broke formation, and as Frost closed with one of
them the pilot baled out and the controls were taken over by the co-pilot, who
managed to crash-land the bomber. Frost now tackled the second bomber, which
burst into flames and crashed. He now moved on the third one, shooting at it in
two passes and then seeing it crash-land. British ground troops took eleven
Italian air crew prisoner.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Over Eritrea, six Gladiators of 1 SAAF Squadron landed at
the new airstrip, codenamed Pretoria. They took off again at 1145 to attack
Italian positions around Gondar. They spotted an Italian landing-ground near
Azozo, and on it were five Ca 133s. The Gladiators came down and began strafing
the Ca 133s, which were being refuelled and loaded with bombs. The Gladiator
pilots claimed that they hit and blew up all five, but the Italians later only
admitted to one.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peeling away from the Italian airfield, the Gladiator pilots
saw another airfield, with CR.42s taxiing to take off. Also on the ground were
a number of S.81s. The Gladiators got in one strafing attack before the CR.42s
engaged them. In the ensuing dogfight Capt Le Mesurier and Capt Boyle each
claimed to have shot down a CR.42. In the fight Lt Smith’s aircraft was badly
damaged and he had to make a forced landing at Azozo.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the CR.42 victims that day was Sergente Maggiore Enzo
Omiccioli. Omiccioli was originally of 410 Squadriglia, but had been recently
flying with 412 Squadriglia. He was shot down during the attack on Gondar, and
was posthumously awarded the Medaglia D’Oro for his actions while flying a CR.32
on attachment to 411 Squadriglia, when he shot down Lt Rankin of 40 SAAF
Squadron in a Hartebeest. He had also shot down two Blenheims when he was with
410 Squadriglia, and four when he was with 412 Squadriglia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 4 February, 1 SAAF Squadron launched three Gladiators and
three Hurricanes for an attack on the airfield at Bahar Dar. As they approached
the airfield they saw three Ca 133s on the ground. Capt Driver shot one up, and
Lt White and Lt Coetzer claimed another one each.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, four more Hurricanes of 1 SAAF Squadron were on
escort duty with Wellesleys to attack the area around Gura. They encountered
three Blenheim IVs of 14 Squadron. Immediately the South African pilots took
the Blenheims to be enemy aircraft and launched an attack, damaging one so
badly that it had to crash-land at Port Sudan. The Hurricanes then peeled off
to attack four CR.42s. Maj Wilmot attacked one at low level over Asmara,
believing that he saw it crash among some buildings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A pair of Blenheim IVFs launched an attack on Makale
airfield from Aden. The pilots, Sqn Ldr J.M.N. Pike and Flt Lt Gethin of 203
Squadron, shot up three S.79s, and may well have badly damaged three others
that were undergoing repairs. The Blenheims were then set upon by a pair of
CR.32s of 410 Squadriglia, flown by Verones and Folcherio. The Italians hit
both of the Blenheims, and one of them was forced to crash-land back at Aden.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was considerable activity over Eritrea on 5 February.
There were engagements between Hurricanes and Gladiators of 1 SAAF Squadron
against as many as six CR.42s. In one of the engagements Capt Driver attacked a
CR.42 and saw it crash-land close to Asmara. Meanwhile Lt Coetzer shot down
another CR.42, while Capt Le Mesurier claimed a third.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Italian aircraft attacked the 5th Indian Brigade outside
Keren on 6 February. From now on, 1 SAAF Squadron was assigned to provide cover
for the ground troops over the area.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
British bombers struck Keren and Assab, and on 7 February a
CR.42 of 412 Squadriglia attacked and shot down a Hardy of 237 Squadron over
Keren. The crew-members of the Hardy, Flg Off Taylor and Sgt Stowe, were both
killed. The British lost a pair of Wellesleys flown by Flg Off Helsby and Sgt
E.E. Blofield over Adi Ugri. The Wellesleys were attacked by CR.42s of 412 Squadriglia,
and one of the kills was claimed by Maresciallo Soffritti. Pike and Gethin were
active again on 6 February, and this time they attacked Alomata. They saw nine
Ca 133s on the ground and shot up eight of them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the ground, the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade, less one
battalion, was moved from Agordat to Keren. It was hoped that it could attack
around the right flank of the Italian positions, through the Happy Valley and
into the Acqua Gap. During the previous night the 3rd Battalion of the 14th Punjabis
occupied Brig’s Peak, but was driven off on the afternoon of 6 February. The
1st Battalion of the 6th Rajputana Rifles occupied part of Cameron Ridge and
held off vicious counter-attacks.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was clear that the Italians were reinforcing the area.
During the night of 7/8 February the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade moved into
position in the Happy Valley, and in the early morning of 8 February the 4th
Battalion of the 6th Rajputana Rifles launched an attack on Acqua Gap. It was
wired and strongly held, and the battalion was only able to consolidate on a
ridge just below it. It was a perfect target for the Italian Air Force.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Elsewhere, another attempt was made to secure Brig’s Peak,
this time by the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Punjabis. It was to take it until 1500
on 10 February to succeed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No. 14 Squadron launched four Blenheim IVs on 8 February to
attack Asmara. One Blenheim was hit by anti-aircraft fire and shot down. Later
in the day four Hurricanes of 1 SAAF Squadron launched a patrol over Asmara and
were attacked by five CR.42s. Capt Driver managed to shoot one down and Lt Van
Der Merwe damaged a second one.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was disaster on Sunday 9 February when Agordat and the
surrounding airfields were attacked by 412 Squadriglia. Five CR.42s were
involved in the strafing and bombing runs. The Italians would claim five
Hurricanes, five Hawker biplanes, two Wellesleys, two Gladiators and two other
aircraft. In actual fact just two Wellesleys, two Hardies and two Lysanders
were destroyed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Throughout the period 10–12 February the Italians made
numerous counter-attacks against Brig’s Peak and Cameron Ridge. The 3rd
Battalion of the 1st Punjabis were driven off Brig’s Peak once again in the
early hours. Meanwhile a second attack on the Acqua Gap was being launched. The
4th Battalion of the 11th Sikhs aimed to take Mount Zalale (the Sphinx) while
the 4th Battalion of the 6th Rajputana Rifles attacked Hill 1565. Neither
battalion was able to reach its objectives; in fact the 29th Indian Infantry
Brigade was then pulled out. The second unsuccessful attack on the Acqua Gap
made it clear to the British that shortage of transport, ammunition, rations
and petrol was becoming a problem. The 29th Indian Infantry Brigade was pulled
back to Barentu, and the rest of the 5th Indian Division was moved back to
Subderat and Tessenei, where it could be more easily resupplied.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No. 1 SAAF Squadron was launching offensive patrols over
Asmara on 10 February. Six Hurricanes got into a dangerous dogfight with five
CR.42s in the cloudy skies. Capt Boyle managed to shoot down a CR.42, and Capt
Driver, having chased a pair of CR.42s and then lost them in the clouds, shot
at a third one and saw it burst into flames. Driver then received a number of
hits and two CR.42s chased him, but he managed to evade and land safely at
Agordat. In all probability, the Hurricane pilots had actually only shot down
one Italian aircraft – a CR.32, almost certainly flown by Sergente Marlotti
(412 Squadriglia). His body was found near the wreckage of his aircraft. His parachute
had not opened.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No. 1 SAAF was determined to sweep Italian fighters from the
skies over Keren, and on 11 February it launched no fewer than eleven fighters.
On one of the patrols two Hurricanes were attacked by CR.42s. The CR.42s tried
to slip away and were chased by Lt S. de K Viljoen. The South African pilot ran
out of fuel and had to land near a village. He was lucky that the village was
already in British hands; he managed to obtain some fuel, and took off the
following morning, but promptly crashed. He returned to base on foot, and later
his aircraft was recovered and repaired.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In all likelihood, the three CR.42s that had been
encountered by the Hurricanes were being led by Capitano Mario Visintini. He
was leading two young pilots. It was a disastrous sortie. Visintini was blown
off course and was killed when he crashed into Mount Nefasit. The two young
pilots had to make forced landings. Visintini was another desperate loss for
the Italian Air Force. He had flown in the Spanish Civil War and had probably
shot down a number of Wellesleys and Blenheims. In total he may have claimed
fifteen to seventeen kills. Visintini was posthumously awarded the Medaglia
D’Oro.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More aggressive combat patrols were launched once again on
13 February. Five Hurricanes engaged five CR.42s, and as one of the CR.42s
tried to evade an onrushing Hurricane it began to belch smoke. It was attacked
by Capt Boyle and set on fire. The pilot managed to bale out. Meanwhile Lt
Duncan saw another CR.42 in trouble, and as he attacked it the pilot also baled
out. In fact just one of the two losses was a CR.42 flown by Luigi De Pol (who
was badly wounded and later died in hospital). The other aircraft was the last
CR.32 in Eritrea, which was flown by Tenente Bossi. It was later claimed that
Bossi had been machine-gunned while he was dangling from his parachute. In
hospital he had to have an arm and a leg amputated, but he died as a result of
his injuries.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An S.82 transporter was destroyed when the British raided
Zula, and welcome reinforcements arrived with K Flight’s return from Egypt. The
Gladiator flight was commanded by Flt Lt J.E. Scoular DFC. It would now be
based at Mersa Taclai.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-14910955852239726062016-03-13T19:24:00.002+08:002016-03-13T19:24:41.628+08:00The Italian Air Campaign in East Africa I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9ySwG1IWRpsEwhbK73ylUpt6MRmYj7lI4cmv2ciXAeFUnd7Gb9A6x5fk4uR2vwlosw8FZ_9Wo2Fv_k3frjla7tjgucIjxwaVCX-bp2tPeAa6R6pehvG4brPxxkewW0rPk9pHX5oMEAU/s1600/S81-XXIX-GR-AOI-39.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9ySwG1IWRpsEwhbK73ylUpt6MRmYj7lI4cmv2ciXAeFUnd7Gb9A6x5fk4uR2vwlosw8FZ_9Wo2Fv_k3frjla7tjgucIjxwaVCX-bp2tPeAa6R6pehvG4brPxxkewW0rPk9pHX5oMEAU/s400/S81-XXIX-GR-AOI-39.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>“Pipistrelli” in the East Africa</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRdJKoWXLVd0LRJIN1YKh39OouCDgAuI5eK2pOGACZmtJjhlPpKuy_ka_-hjQymG9yWMONdoWszJgIOekKw97igCyrD22mVzHvZ0Zm_SgmkgDjUyTw8iV3GlnDtBngEcSQS27C3TlmGQ/s1600/large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRdJKoWXLVd0LRJIN1YKh39OouCDgAuI5eK2pOGACZmtJjhlPpKuy_ka_-hjQymG9yWMONdoWszJgIOekKw97igCyrD22mVzHvZ0Zm_SgmkgDjUyTw8iV3GlnDtBngEcSQS27C3TlmGQ/s400/large.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b> Pilots and groundcrew of No 3 Squadron, South African Air Force, chalk up their 101st enemy aircraft shot down on the fuselage of a captured Italian CR 42 fighter.</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b> </b></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAaYIzqed_yFQ7UEouc5VurNIawcpEZT8CJaimTC51Sz4-Es3V1gh2Y6yw7JVIT_GGqSwp_uNNhYmdBTHJHavt5mlPu5g2sGKBWtQIzBMqNbR1VtLV0OjP1lhT3tRW8Pus3gj_vUdhQM/s1600/SAF-East-Africa-83.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAaYIzqed_yFQ7UEouc5VurNIawcpEZT8CJaimTC51Sz4-Es3V1gh2Y6yw7JVIT_GGqSwp_uNNhYmdBTHJHavt5mlPu5g2sGKBWtQIzBMqNbR1VtLV0OjP1lhT3tRW8Pus3gj_vUdhQM/s400/SAF-East-Africa-83.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>The Duke of Aosta </b></i></div>
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Throughout the campaign in East Africa, the Italian troops
fought with resolution and courage. When the war began, the Italian forces were
composed of 91,000 Italian nationals (of whom 7,000 were officers) belonging to
the Army, Air Force and Revenue Guards. The colonial soldiers numbered around
200,000. They were equipped with 3,300 machine-guns; sixty-four medium tanks;
thirty-nine light tanks; 126 armoured cars and trucks; 813 guns of different
calibres but all dated; 325 aircraft of which only 244 were combat ready. In
comparison, the British were outnumbered, but better armed and more mobile as
they were mechanised. As we have seen, this was not a detail, but a major
factor in the vast territories over which the conflict was fought.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It had been an air war that had been dominated by the
biplane fighter, the CR.32 and CR.42 and the Gloster Gladiator, but what of the
aces, the men who had flown them? Some had seen combat in Spain and others were
fresh to aerial dogfights. Undoubtedly, not only the Italian pilots, but the
British and Commonwealth ones too, were supremely brave men, fighting over
inhospitable terrain, often against hopeless odds. The following few paragraphs
examine the careers and sometimes the deaths of some of the more successful
Italian pilots. Omissions are purely incidental.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Luigi Baron was born in 1918 at Castelfranco Veneto; he was
to serve with 412a Squadriglia, equipped with Fiat CR.42s. He ended the
campaign as the second most successful of the Italian fighter pilots in the
East Africa. A Gladiator of 237 Squadron was operating over Keren on 25 March
1941 and spotted a pair of CR.42s, but it was then attacked by a Hurricane of 1
SAAF Squadron. This squadron engaged CR.42s twice during the day, once in the
morning when one was hit by Lt Irvine (possibly the 237 Squadron Gladiator and
not a CR.42). In the afternoon Lt Robin Pare and Lt White encountered two
CR.42s from 412 Squadriglia. They were at 15,000 ft. Pare shot one of them
down, but the other escaped. The Italians admitted that one of the CR.42s was
shot down; the one flown by Sergente Pietro Morlotti was killed. A second was
later written off. Two other CR.42s were damaged that day, with both of the
pilots being wounded. Two Hurricanes were also claimed by the CR.42s. Baron
claimed one of the Hurricanes, but he was wounded in the leg and baled out.
Baron remained in hospital for two years and was then repatriated to Italy. He
arrived safely in Italy after a two-month voyage, and was given the Medaglia
d’Argento al Valor Militare and the Medaglia di Bronzo al Valor Militare. He
was also decorated with the German Iron Cross 2nd Class. He ended his war with
twelve kills.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Carlo Canella was born on 22 June 1914 and was commissioned
(in the Servizio Permanente Effettivo) on 28 October 1938. He too served with
412a Squadriglia. On 12 June 1940, he shot down a British Wellesley bomber over
the Keren area. In the early hours of 16 October Flt Lt Mitchell (430 Flight),
in a Vincent, attacked Tessenei airfield. He was followed back to Gedaref by a
Ca 133, and so the Italians now knew where the aircraft were based. The
Italians attacked the airfield at 0525, with an S.79 flown by Generale
Piacentini leading in six CR.42s of the 412 Squadriglia; the pilots were
Capitano Antonio Raffi, Tenente Visintini, Tenente Carlo Canella, Sergente
Maggiore Lugi Baron, Scarselli and Tenente De Pauli. The fighters destroyed all
eight Wellesleys of 47 Squadron’s detachment and two of 430 Flight’s Vincents.
Canella ended the war with seven biplane victories. For his actions he was
awarded two Medaglie d’Argento al Valor Militare and one Medaglia di Bronzo al
Valor Militare.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Antonio Giardinà served with the 410a Squadriglia, and flew
a Fiat CR.32. At noon on 24 June 1940, four Blenheims of 39 Squadron and two of
11 Squadron hit Diredawa in flights of three. Giardinà was up on a standing
patrol. He dived out of the sun on the leading flight and attacked them,
damaging all three of the aircraft. On 11 July 1940 a Blenheim of 8 Squadron,
flown by Flg Off P.A. Nicholas (Aden), made a reconnaissance over Jijiga. The
aircraft was intercepted by Sottotenente Veronese and Sergente Maggiore
Giardinà, who attacked the bomber, claiming to have probably hit it.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 15 March 1941 Hurricanes of 3 SAAF Squadron attacked
Diredawa. The Hurricane pilots found three Fiat CR.32s of the 410 Squadriglia
in the air. One of the CR.32 pilots, Sergente Maggiore Giardinà, had just begun
an attack on a Ju86 also attacking the airfield, when he suddenly spotted a
Hurricane approaching to attack him. Sottotenente Osvaldo Bartolozzi rushed to
Giardinà’s aid without checking his own tail, the next moment hearing an
explosion and being hit in the face and neck by splinters. He immediately broke
away and began turning with his attacker, avoiding two more bursts of fire. He
landed with 188 holes in his aircraft, but no serious damage. Giardinà fought
on for several minutes, returning fire, and at last the Hurricane left. He was
then able to land.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At 0700 on 28 March 1941, five CR.42s and two CR.32s from
Gauani under the command of Tenente Franco De Micheli of the 413a Squadriglia
made an attack on Jijiga airfield. In the first pass a Ju52/3m (No. 660), a
Valentia (No. 264) and a Hartebeest were set on fire; two of the Ju52/3ms that
were damaged in an attack on the 26th were also shot up again, as was a Leopard
Moth of the Communication Squadron. The Italians had not found the fighter
satellite strip, and two Hurricanes of 3 SAAF Squadron flown by Capt S. van
Breda Theron and Lt Venter scrambled. Theron was no sooner in the air than his
aircraft received a bullet in the cooling system (from an airfield defence
Lewis gun, it was suspected); he went in to land again, but as he did so he was
attacked by Sergente Maggiore Giardinà in a CR.32. The Hurricane was set on
fire and Theron was wounded in the leg. As soon as Giardinà saw Theron leap out
onto the wing, which he did the moment his Hurricane touched the ground,
Giardinà ceased firing. Venter was attacked by three Fiats and his aircraft was
riddled with bullets, but he managed to shoot down one Fiat, which fell in
flames and crashed. The pilot was Sottotenente Silvano.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Giardinà was shifted to 412a Squadriglia and began flying
CR.42s. On 2 July 1941 Sergente Maggiore Giuseppe Mottet and Giardinà claimed
one shared Vickers Wellesley of 47 Squadron, which was shot down over Gondar,
the aircraft falling in flames. The pilot, Sgt Alexander George Brown, and his
crew were all killed. Later in the war Giardinà served with 300a Squadriglia in
the night defence of Rome. He was to end the war with five biplane victories.
Giardinà was decorated with two Medaglie d’Argento al Valor Militare and one
Medaglia di Bronzo al Valor Militare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Giuseppe Mottet was born in Fontanemore (Aosta) on 12
September 1912. In 1937, he volunteered for the Spanish Civil War and was assigned
to 20a Squadriglia, XXIII Gruppo ‘Asso Di Bastoni’, flying Fiat CR.32s. Mottet
flew about ninety missions during his tour in Spain, primarily on escort
flights to bombers and field protection sorties. In 1939 he received an order
to transfer to the 411a Squadriglia in Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI, or
Italian East Africa). He arrived at Addis Ababa on 30 August.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From 10 June 1940 to 27 November 1941 he flew many
reconnaissance flights and strafing attacks, and was involved in dogfights. On
14 November 1940 he flew as Number Two in a section of two aircraft when they
were involved in combat with four unknown enemy aircraft over Jimma airfield.
Three of the aircraft were claimed shot down, and this was later confirmed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 9 April 1941, Giuseppe Mottet was engaged by Hurricanes
over Gimma while defending the base flying a Fiat CR.32, together with another
fighter. Capt Frost and Lt Hewitson of 3 SAAF Squadron shot him down. The
aircraft was a write-off but Mottet was unhurt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 2 July 1941 Mottet and Sergente Maggiore Antonio Giardinà
claimed one shared Vickers Wellesley. This was a Wellesley of 47 Squadron,
which was shot down over Gondar, the aircraft falling in flames. In a report
from 411a Squadriglia on 11 August it was reported that he had flown 160 hours
of combat missions from 22 August 1939 to date. On 15 October he was promoted
to Maresciallo at Gondar. From 31 October, after the death of his CO, Tenente
Malavolti, he was the only Italian fighter pilot in Italian East Africa. On 22
November 1941 the last CR.42 flown by Mottet was sent out and attacked British
artillery at Kulkaber. Upon landing, he destroyed the CR.42 and joined the
Italian troops, fighting until the surrender five days later. Giuseppe Mottet
was decorated with the Medaglia d’Argento al Valor Militare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Enzo Omiccioli was born in Fano on 1 June 1915. In the
beginning of the East African campaign he was serving with 410a Squadriglia,
equipped with Fiat CR.32s. On 15 June Omiccioli intercepted a Blenheim (39
Squadron) over Diredawa, but no result was claimed. In July Omiccioli was on a
brief attachment to the 411a Squadriglia. On 11 July four Hawker Hartebeests of
40 SAAF Squadron made an attack around Moyale. There they encountered three Ca
133s, escorted by three CR.32s of the Squadriglia. The fighters attacked the
South African aircraft, and Lt Neville Keith Rankin was last seen in a spin
with one Fiat on the tail of his aircraft; he and his gunner, Air Sgt Dennis
Haig Hughes, were both killed. Lt L.H.G. Shuttleworth’s aircraft was hit, but
he made good his escape. The Italians reported meeting five aircraft, and
claimed to have probably shot down two of them, one of these being claimed by
Sergente Maggiore Omiccioli.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Omiccioli was loaned to the 412a Squadriglia, equipped with
CR.42s. On 3 February six Gladiators from 1 SAAF Squadron flew into a new
landing-strip called ‘Pretoria’, where they refuelled. They took off again at
1145 to strafe airfields in the Gondar area. A landing-site was spotted to the
south of Azozo on which five Ca 133s were sitting. Another airfield was nearby,
from which CR.42s were taking off. The Gladiators were attacked by the Fiats.
In the combat Capt Brian Boyle and Capt Gerald Le Mesurier each claimed a Fiat
shot down. The only loss sustained by the Italians in this combat was Sergente
Maggiore Omiccioli, who was shot down and killed. He was posthumously awarded
Italy’s highest decoration for valour, the Medaglia D’Oro al Valor Militare
(Gold Medal). At the time of his death, he had a total of five victories, all
of them claimed while flying biplanes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Corrado Ricci was born in 1912, and he joined the Regia
Aeronautica in 1931. After serving in Spain he served with the 410a
Squadriglia, equipped with Fiat CR.32s. At 0800 on 1 August 1940, the two
secret Italian landing-grounds at Chinele, near Diredawa, were discovered and
strafed by two Blenheims. Six Blenheims each from 8 and 39 Squadrons, escorted
by two Blenheim IVFs of 203 Squadron, were sent off to attack the fields in the
afternoon. At 1500 the bombers approached at 16,000 ft and dived to 10,000 ft
to bomb.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-19984344446948205972016-03-13T19:17:00.001+08:002016-03-13T19:17:24.325+08:00The Italian Air Campaign in East Africa II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB79IAm52SScXoVAA_cdwkBj3ggcBVn2Q4SYymEEYSaJYXmy7_J-FukBzPjGwqVk-xwLnx1-hYdV0qKUDGrY5uXNSy0K0PuaRpm685PxarZFzSsZm052Wu6JZVh0sqDmVWcVJsK0t3UEY/s1600/eastaft1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB79IAm52SScXoVAA_cdwkBj3ggcBVn2Q4SYymEEYSaJYXmy7_J-FukBzPjGwqVk-xwLnx1-hYdV0qKUDGrY5uXNSy0K0PuaRpm685PxarZFzSsZm052Wu6JZVh0sqDmVWcVJsK0t3UEY/s400/eastaft1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Regia Aeronautica (Royal Air Force) in East Africa (Africa Orientale) </b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Capitano Ricci, commanding officer of the 410a Squadriglia,
had taken off in his CR.32 as the second wave of bombers approached, and he
chased these. He later wrote:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I look around; nothing
to see. But ... something is coming from the sunshine ... Here they are, six
diving bombers. It seems to me they are heading towards our secret airfields. I
hope they had been alerted! They are flying over Diredawa; I’ll chase them out
of the town border. They hadn’t bombed the town, so they’re really heading to
the airfields. They are going to pass at my side, at my same level, fast as a
bolide [meteorite]! I attack the front section of three from the side, the
other section still being to the rear. While I’m firing, I find myself in their
trail; I shoot at the leader, then at the right wingman; the two aircraft seem
to leave tiny trails of smoke, but I’m not sure of it. One of my machine-guns
jams, but I don’t recharge it because I don’t want to lose aim. Tracer shells
passed nearby my side, I hear shots behind me; I am attacked too. I evade with
a large, barrel-shaped tonneau; while I’m upside down I can see the second
section passing at my right side, slightly lower than me. At the end of the
manoeuvre I’m at six of the left wingman, but in the meanwhile I recharged the
jammed gun, so I shoot again, sharing my rounds to all three, while bombs are
falling. First section is far ahead, the two aircraft I fired at are still
smoking. ... I concentrate on the aiming: it’s the turn of the right wingman
now. The gun jams again! I recharge it. All three aircraft leave a light trail
of smoke, like the two of the first section. I shoot again ... the aircraft I’m
shooting at seems to slow down ... is it an illusion? No, it is really slowing
down: while the other two are going, it extracts the gun turret and begins to
shoot at me. I fire again; the British pilot manoeuvres to prevent me to hide
behind his tail. I discharge brief bursts ... I must slow down to not collide
with him. We are at ten metres from ground; the British extracts the flaps and
lands on the sand in a cloud of dust.</i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
He had, in fact, shot down a Blenheim of 8 Squadron. At 0600
on 8 August Berbera airfield was attacked by two CR.32s and one CR.42 from 410a
Squadriglia, based at Hargeisa, led by Capitano Ricci flying in one of the
CR.32s. The Italian aircraft had taken off from Diredawa at 0500. Ricci later
wrote:</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I was the first to
take off, with Tellurio at my wing; soon after started Cacciavillani and
Komienz, but the first skipped on ground, and then stood with tail up: what
could have happened to him? Komienz joined us. I checked my compass with a
pocket light to keep the course. After half an hour of flight the light is
coming, but we could not yet see Berbera; five minutes more: nothing again ...
I again checked the chart; the course is right, but I have no reference point
on the ground because it is so flat; I know that the wind is strong, and its
direction change as the sun rise, but I can’t evaluate it. I continue a little
bit on chance. At the end I decide to turn 90-degrees left; after a few minutes
a sparkling ahead makes me happy: it’s the sea! I start a light dive, and I
increase it as we are approaching, so we find us to fly grazing to the
yellowish sand: it’s the only way to come unseen! I can see the town, it’s
small, whitish; there’s a ship in the harbour. Here is the airfield: two dark
aircraft, side by side, stand out. They are Gladiators. My wingmen close at me,
and this bothers me; slowly, I gain speed and I put them away from me. We are
skimming the ground and some small hills cover us to enemy’s sight; just a
little bit ... Here we are! With a steep climb I gain 500 m height, then I dive
on the fighter at left; while I’m aiming a man leaves it and falls headlong ...
what a long-legged he is! I shoot: a strong wind disturbs my shoot, my rounds
are on ground, but some hit the target. I pull hard, quite skimming the wing of
the enemy aircraft; I hear behind my shoulders that Tellurio and Komienz are
firing too. The anti-aircraft weapons awake; bluish tracer shells, shrapnel
explosions; the ships fires like a volcano, the machine-guns in their nest at
the airfield’s edge are shooting: the air is hot! A big turn: the other Gloster
is burning, mine is not, but with a second burst I get it burning too. We can
go! I take a snapshot with my old camera that I bring with me at every flight:
I have to prove the results of the action. We go away, with a grazing flight. A
sand column rise just in front of me; here another and other around: they are
the British grenades. I climb to 200 m altitude: black burst around us, some
other sand gush here and there, then all is over.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the beginning of December he made an emergency
crash-landing after the engine on his CR.32 had failed. After this incident
Capitano Ricci was sent for a period of convalescence. Six Blenheims of 8
Squadron from Aden bombed Diredawa early on 9 March 1941, six CR.42s and a
single monoplane being reported as seen on the ground, although only two or
three fighters were actually present; the monoplane was a S.81, already damaged
beyond repair, but retained as a decoy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Three CR.32s of the 410a Squadriglia approached the bombers
head on, and the leader, Capitano Ricci, turned sharply to attack the
right-hand Blenheim. This manoeuvred to evade him, and Ricci found himself
right next to another Blenheim, piloted by Sqn Ldr Hanlon. Ricci opened fire as
it began to pull away from him, and saw his bullets exploding on the rear of
the right-hand engine nacelle. Sqn Ldr Hanlon had to force-land on Perim Island
during the homeward flight as a result of the damage sustained.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Capitano Ricci had been able to intercept the bombers and
attack them before they had dropped their bombs. He recalled:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A morning I scramble
with Puliti and I’m radio-guided to intercept two sections of three Blenheims
each, which were going to bomb Diredawa. I think I could made only a single
front attack, because, since they are faster than me, I could never reach them
for a second pass; so, I decide to attack them from the rear to increase my
possibilities. With a big turn I dive on the formation, which at a certain
point is hidden from my sight by my wing; I fear to collide with them, but
meanwhile I think that however they should take care to avoid me! Indeed I came
very close to the right wingman, which suddenly veered away from the patrol and
was soon attacked by Puliti, while I find myself right on the side of the
leader, after having risked to hit its wing with my plane. I immediately start
to fire, aiming at the right engine, but the slipstream shatters my aim, while
the rudder dangerously pass me by; but a long, black smoke trail came from the
engine, just while a piece tears off from the fuselage. I think to have got it,
and I go to attack another alone one, that escapes me by diving. Here is a
third one, it’s alone too: I attack it. He’s a courageous pilot: instead to
evade, he challenges to me with beautiful turns; I’m surprised to see little
smoke trails from its fuselage, but perhaps it’s the gunner that’s shooting at
me. During the manoeuvres my weapons continue to jam while I’m shooting in
tight turns, but at the end I find myself in a good advantage; the foe realises
it and, with a good overturn, go in a vertical dive, then heads towards
Dankalia while I’m pursue him, shooting, while it leaves me behind, more and
more. He disappears, apparently undamaged. The ground observers, however, don’t
see it pass: they spot only five while heading home. Sometime after, we knew
that a Blenheim force-landed in the Tajura area, in the French Somaliland, but
the crew should have been able to return to Arabia: perhaps they are those!</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ricci was allowed to return to Italy in April 1941 because
he was suffering from appendicitis. He ended the war with five victories, all
of them claimed while flying biplanes during the Spanish Civil War and the
Second World War.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Arnoldo Soffritti was born on 5 April 1913 in Bondeno
(Ferrara). He served with the 412a Squadriglia, equipped with Fiat CR.42s. On
the afternoon of 29 January 1941, in a dogfight between 1 SAAF Squadron and
412a Squadriglia over Gura, Soffritti’s CR.42 was damaged. On the morning of 2
February 1941 a Lysander of 237 Squadron, flown by Flg Off M.A. Johnson, was on
tactical reconnaissance, and the aircraft was claimed shot down by Soffritti.
On 7 February, two Wellesleys from 47 Squadron made a reconnaissance from
Barentu to Adi Ugri. They were intercepted by the 412a Squadriglia and both
were shot down, one being claimed by Soffritti. On 19 March 1941, two
Hurricanes of 1 SAAF Squadron were patrolling over the Keren area when they
were attacked by three CR.42s, Maresciallo Soffritti claiming to have shot down
one. Between 0710 and 0830 on 28 March 1941, Soffritti claimed to have shot
down a Hurricane in the Ad Teclesan area, and in Eritrea on 4 April 1941, he
claimed to have shot down a British bomber between 0730 and 0805. Soffritti was
captured at Dessie on 26 April 1941, by which time he was credited with eight
biplane victories, five probable, eleven destroyed on the ground. Soffritti won
two Medaglie d’Argento al Valor Militare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alberto Veronese was a veteran from the Spanish Civil War,
and in East Africa he served with 410a Squadriglia, equipped with Fiat CR.32s.
On 11 July 1940 a Blenheim of 8 Squadron, flown by Flg Off P.A. Nicholas, was
intercepted and attacked by Sottotenente Veronese and Sergente Maggiore
Giardinà, who claimed to have probably hit it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Veronese made a head-on attack against one of three
Blenheims of 39 Squadron on 12 August 1940. He shot the aircraft down, but was
wounded in the encounter. Six days later, Sottotenente Veronese and Sergente
Maggiore Volpe of 410a Squadriglia shot down a Blenheim from 8 Squadron flown
by Sgt Gay to the north-west of Laferug. Veronese and Sergente Maggiore Athos
Tieghi shared a kill on 12 September when they tackled Lt Edward George
Armstrong DFC of 11 SAAF Squadron in his Fairey Battle over Shashamanna.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The last French Martin 167F in Aden was on a reconnaissance
mission over Diredawa on 16 December when it was attacked by a pair of CR.32s
of 410a Squadriglia. Veronese closed on the tail of the Martin and opened fire,
but the speed of the French aircraft was too much for the slower biplane.
Veronese had climbed too high and was hit by anoxia, and he had to land and be
taken to the sick bay.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soon afterwards, Veronese was promoted to tenente, and on 4
February 1941 he and Tenente Folcherio attacked a pair of Blenheims from Aden
of 203 Squadron flown by Sqn Ldr J.M.N. Pike and Flt Lt Gethin. Both of the
Blenheims were hit and had to crash-land. Makale was attacked again on the
morning of 18 February by another pair of Blenheims from the same squadron.
Veronese shot down Sqn Ldr A.L.H. Solano and then chased Sqn Ldr Scott,
damaging his aircraft so badly that it had to crash-land when it got back to
Aden.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seven Hurricanes of 1 SAAF Squadron strafed Makale on 23
February. Maj L.A. Wilmot, leading the lower section of three Hurricanes, was
shot down by Veronese, but then Lt Andrew Duncan shot him down. He parachuted
to safety, slightly wounded. Effectively, his wounds put him out of the combat
for good in East Africa. He had become the most successful pilot of 410a
Squadriglia, with six kills and two shared kills. He was evacuated to Italy,
and after the surrender in 1943 he joined up with the Italian Co-Belligerent
Air Force and served in 356a Squadriglia. Veronese was killed on 4 September
1944 by German anti-aircraft fire in Greece. During the war he was decorated
with two Medaglie d’Argento al Valor Militare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mario Visintini was born in Parenzo d’Istria on 26 April
1913. He was to become the top Italian biplane fighter ace. In January 1940 he
was promoted to tenente for war merits. After serving in Spain he was
transferred to East Africa on 5 April 1940. Initially he was posted to 413a
Squadriglia. Before the start of the war in June 1940 he was transferred to the
412a Squadriglia in Eritrea. His first kill of the war took place on 14 June
1940, when he shot down a Wellesley of 14 Squadron flown by Plt Off Reginald
Patrick Blenner Plunkett. He claimed a second Wellesley on 3 July over
Decamere, when Flg Off Samuel Gustav Soderholm was killed. On 12 July he shot
down another Wellesley, this time flown by Sgt Frederick (Freddy) Nelson of 47
Squadron. On 29 July he was decorated with the Medaglia d’Argento al Valor
Militare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 1 September Visintini shared a claim with another pilot
when they shot down a Wellesley of 14 Squadron flown by Sgt Norris. On 30
September, Sqn Ldr George Justin Bush in a Blenheim of 45 Squadron was victim
to Visintini. During the morning of 9 February Visintini took part, together
with four other pilots from 412a Squadriglia, in an attack on Agordat and its
satellite airfield. Sixteen aircraft were claimed shared destroyed on the
ground, including five Hurricanes, five Hawker biplanes, two Gladiators, two
Wellesleys, one Valentia and one Westland Lysander.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 11 February Visintini shot down a Hurricane over Keren.
This claim was probably made in combat with Hurricanes from 1 SAAF Squadron,
which had eleven aircraft on patrols over the area during the day. Later in the
day Visintini took off to fly back to guide other pilots home. It seems,
however, that during the flight he was blown off course by high winds, and
while descending through clouds he crashed into the side of Mount Nefasit and
was instantly killed. He was posthumously awarded the Medaglia D’Oro al Valor
Militare for his outstanding combat record. According to Italian War Bulletin
No. 252 of 14 February 1941, he was credited with seventeen confirmed victories
in Italian East Africa. The document attached to his Medaglia D’Oro states
fifty combats, sixteen destroyed and thirty-two shared destroyed. At the time
of his death, Visintini had seventeen victories, all of them claimed while
flying biplane fighters.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What of French Somaliland? After the fall of France in 1940,
as we have seen, French Somaliland declared its loyalty to Vichy France. The
colony remained loyal to the Vichy regime throughout the East African campaign,
but tried to stay out of the conflict. By December 1942, with the Italians
defeated and the colony isolated, it was alone. Free French and Allied forces
recaptured the colony, and ultimately a battalion from Djibouti was involved in
the liberation of France in 1944.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
B Flight had returned to Aiscia after the fall of Gondar to
patrol the border with French Somaliland. On 11 December 1941, Lt Gazzard took
off in a Mohawk to chase a French Potez 631 that had just buzzed the runway.
Gazzard shot at the Potez and saw it billowing smoke, but it escaped him.
Perhaps this was the last aerial combat of the war over the former Italian East
Africa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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It had been a campaign that had stretched the resources, the
minds and the bodies of British and Commonwealth troops; it had also seen a
more than creditable display by the Italians, particularly in the air. No. 47
Squadron was dispatched to Egypt to become a reconnaissance squadron, while 3
SAAF headed back to South Africa, where its Mohawks would be used to trained
pilots for the desert war. As for the Ansons and Ju86s, they would struggle on
for a time until they were finally too worn out and were replaced with
Marylands and Bristol Beauforts.</div>
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<![endif]--><br /><br /> <br /><br /> Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-20146789017552706922016-03-13T18:51:00.002+08:002016-03-13T19:10:20.389+08:00Aeronautica Macchi C.200 Saetta Series in Combat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i><b>Macchi MC 200 Saetta</b></i></div>
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While the Fw 190A served as a worthy complement to the Me
109F in the Luftwaffe’s fighter arsenal, Italy’s Regia Aeronautica was in
desperate need of a new fighter just to restore parity with such British
counterparts as the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. The most
numerous Italian fighter in 1939 had been the Fiat CR.42 biplane, essentially a
refined World War I fighter. The Fiat G.50, Italy’s first monoplane fighter,
could barely outperform the CR.42, let alone its contemporary opposition.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Aeronautica Macchi’s designer, Mario Castoldi, had already
tried to redress those consequences of shortsightedness on the part of the
Regia Aeronautica. His C.200 Saetta (Thunderbolt), which first flew on December
24, 1937, was a monoplane with retractable landing gear that strove to
incorporate the aerodynamic refinements of Castoldi’s Schneider Trophy racers,
much as Reginald Mitchell did with his Spitfire. Unlike the Spitfire, however,
the C.200 suffered from compromises. It had a humped upper fuselage to provide
the pilot with a good field of vision, which was enhanced by the later omission
of its enclosed canopy at the behest of conservative seat-of-the-pants pilots.
Most telling, both from the standpoint of performance and aesthetics, was the
installation of an 870-horsepower Fiat A74 RC.38 fourteen-cylinder double-row
radial engine on the airframe. Looking as if it had been stuck on as an
afterthought—which, for all intents and purposes, it was—the radial obscured
the C.200’s Schneider Trophy pedigree and added an inordinate amount of drag.</div>
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CR.42s were the only fighters committed to Italy’s invasion
of France on June 10, 1940, but on the following day, the C.200 joined battle
over another target entirely: the British-held isle of Malta. As successive
flights of Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 trimotor bombers of the 34o, 11o, and 41o
Stormi B. T. left their Sicilian air bases for Malta, eighteen Saettas, drawn
in equal part from the 79a and 88a Squadriglie of Tenente Colonello (Lieutenant
Colonel) Armando Francois’s 6o Gruppo Caccia Terrestre Autonomo, took off from
Comiso, Sicily, to provide escort. As the eighth raid of the day neared Malta,
the island’s lone radar picked up the attacking formations, and the island’s
entire fighter force—three Gloster Sea Gladiator biplanes led by Flt. Lt.
George Burges—rose to intercept them. The Italians were already bombing
Valletta harbor and Hal Far airfield when the Gladiators split up to attack as
many of the enemy as they could—with little damage inflicted by either side. It
was the third Gladiator, N5520 flown by Flying Officer William J. Woods, that
caught the attention of one of the escorting C.200s, flown by Tenente Giuseppe
Pesola of the 79a Squadriglia. “Timber” Woods had just completed his second
attack on a five-plane bomber formation when he heard machine gun fire behind
him, immediately went into a steep left-hand turn and then saw the enemy
fighter diving at him.</div>
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“For quite three minutes I circled as tightly as possible
and got the enemy in my sight,” Woods reported afterward. “I got in a good
burst, full deflection shot, and he went down in a steep dive with black smoke
pouring from his tail. I could not follow him down, but he appeared to go into
the sea.” Pesola, who had fired 125 rounds at the Gladiator before having the
tables turned on him, was credited to Woods as the first aerial victory to be
scored in the long aerial siege of Malta—but in fact he brought his Macchi back
to Comiso with little damage. For neither the first nor the last time in the war,
Woods and other witnesses had mistaken the black exhaust smoke from a fighter
diving away with its throttle suddenly opened for a burning adversary.</div>
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The next encounter would be more conclusive. On June 23,
three SM.79s made for Malta, escorted by five C.200s of the 88a Squadriglia.
Burges, in Gladiator N5519, and Woods, in N5531, rose to intercept when Burges
found one of the fighters diving on him. He evaded the Saetta’s fire and then
engaged it in what he described as a tight dogfight out of World War I. At one
point the Macchi overshot, allowing Burges, in his own words, to “belt him up
the backside as he went past.” After four or five such rounds, Burges got in a
burst that set the C.200 on fire, and its pilot, Sergente Maggiore Lamberto
Molinelli, bailed out over Sliema, where he was taken prisoner. Burges later
paid him a visit in Intarfa Hospital, but found him less than friendly.</div>
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Molinelli had reason for a sour mood because the C.200’s
first combats showed it to be almost as nimble as a biplane—but not quite
nimble enough to make old school dogfighting a good idea. They had not
highlighted any other merits in the plane.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The first confirmed victory for C.200s did not come until
November 1, when Malta-based Short Sunderland N9020 of No. 228 Squadron,
conducting a morning reconnaissance near Augusta, Sicily, was caught and shot
down by Tenente Luigi Armanino and Sergente Maggiore Natalino Stabile of the
88a Squadriglia, with all nine crewmen perishing aboard. A second 228 Squadron
Sunderland, L5806, was patrolling thirty-two miles from Malta at 1530 that
afternoon when it came under attack by two more Saettas of the 88a, flown by
Tenenti Pesola and Pio Tomaselli, along with Fiat CR.42s of the 75a
Squadriglia, 23o Gruppo, 3o Stormo, flown by Tenente Ezio Monti and Sgt.
Francesco Cuscuna. Although riddled by its attackers, the tough Sunderland
managed to return to Kalafrana, where it was promptly taken upslip before it
sank. The Italians reported their victim as only being “damaged,” and rightly
so, for it was repaired and flying again on November 22.</div>
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Over the next three years, Saettas would soldier on over
Malta, North Africa, and the Soviet Union with sometimes creditable, but never
spectacular, results. Although a sufficient improvement over the Fiat CR.42 and
G.50 to have warranted production as a stopgap fighter, the Saetta was barely a
match for the Hurricane and no match for the Spitfire. A closer examination of
the C.200’s airframe, however, revealed an essentially clean design with an
excellent combination of stability and maneuverability. All it needed was a
better engine.</div>
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<br /></div>
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With that in mind, Castoldi privately approached the
Daimler-Benz A. G. and purchased a twelve-cylinder air-cooled DB 601Aa engine.
He then commenced work on an aerodynamically refined adaptation of the C.200
airframe to accept the German engine, at the same time abandoning the C.201,
another project to reengine the Saetta. The result of his efforts, which took
to the air at Varese on August 10, 1940, restored the racy appearance of the
Castoldi floatplanes to the basic C.200 design, as well as to its performance
potential. So successful were its tests that the Ministerio dell’Aeronautica
immediately ordered the new fighter into series production—not only at Macchi’s
Varese factory but also at Breda’s plant at Sesto San Giovanni, near Milan.
While more DB 601 Aas were ordered to power the first production batch, Alfa
Romeo acquired a license to manufacture the engine as the R. A. 1000 R. C. 41-I
Monsone (Monsoon), which was rated at 1,040 horsepower at 2,400 revolutions per
minute. The Macchi C.202 Folgore (Lightning), as the new fighter was
designated, had a maximum speed of 372 miles per hour at 18,370 feet, featured
self-sealing fuel tanks, a molded armor-plate pilot’s seat, and an enclosed
cockpit, although it lacked an armor-glass windscreen. Armament was initially
the same as the C.200—two synchronized 12.7mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns—but
ammunition capacity was increased from 370 to 400 rounds per gun.
Later-production series Folgores added two 7.7mm Breda-SAFAT guns in the wings.</div>
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The first C.202s were delivered to the 4o Stormo C. T. at
Gorizia in July 1941. After accustoming themselves with the new fighter’s
characteristics, pilots of the wing’s 9o Gruppo, comprised of the 73a Squadriglia
(Fotoricognitori) and 96a and 97a Squadriglie C. T., commenced operations
against Malta from their base at Comiso on September 29, 1941. On the following
afternoon, Italy’s new lightning bolt struck for the first time when five
Hurricane fighter-bombers of No. 185 Squadron, escorted by six other
Hurricanes, attacked Comiso. Three C.202s of the 97a Squadriglia scrambled up
to intercept them, and in the running fight that followed, Tenente Iacopo
Frigerio shot down Pilot Officer Donald W. Lintern, who was last seen bailing
out near Gozo Island.</div>
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After returning to their base to refuel, five of the
Hurricanes accompanied a Fairey Fulmar of the Kalafrana Rescue Flight in a
search for Lintern. They never found him, but they did come under attack by the
C.202s. Tenente Luigi Tessari and Sgt. Raffaello Novelli were jointly credited
with downing an enemy fighter, which they reported to have fallen into the sea
and blown up ten kilometers south of Cap Scaramia. Their victim was the Fulmar,
but it ditched relatively intact, and its crew, Lt. D. E. C. Eyres and Sub-Lt.
Bernard Furlong, were subsequently rescued by a Fairey Swordfish floatplane of
their flight. One of the Hurricane pilots, Flt. Lt. Charles G. St. David
Jeffries, claimed to have probably downed one of the unidentified enemy
fighters, while Pilot Officer Peter J. B. Veitch and Flt. Sgt. A. W. Jolly each
claimed to have damaged one; Tessari returned with numerous holes in his
fuselage.</div>
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The 9o Gruppo carried the fight back to Malta on the morning
of October 1, as Capt. Mario Pluda led seven C.202s to escort two C.200s on a
reconnaissance mission. At 1150 hours, eight Hurricane Mark IIAs of No. 185
Squadron took off to intercept, but as they reached an altitude of 24,000 feet,
thirty miles northeast of the embattled island, they were jumped by the
Folgori. Capitano Carlo Ivaldi, Tenente Pietro Bonfatti, and Sergente Maggiore
Enrico Dallari claimed two Hurricanes shot down and two probables in their
first pass; but only one Hurricane was lost along with its pilot, Squadron
Leader P. W. B. Mould—the same “Boy” Mould who, as a member of No. 1 Squadron,
had scored the first confirmed Hurricane victory in France on October 30, 1939.
Mould’s total account stood at eight, plus one shared, when he became one of the
C.202’s earliest victims. The Italians did not get off scot-free, however.
Sergeant Ernest G. Knight scored hits on Ivaldi’s main fuel tank, and he only
just made it to Sicily before the last of his fuel drained away, force landing
on the beach near Pozzallo.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Folgore quickly demonstrated its inherent mastery over
the Hurricane, and by the end of 1941, at least one of the 9o Gruppo’s pilots,
Teresio Martinoli, had been credited with five out of an eventual personal
total of twenty-two victories (one of them German while flying for the Allies
in Italy’s Co-Belligerent Air Force), including Peter Veitch, whom he shot down
and killed off Malta on October 4. The C.202’s numbers were too small to have a
decisive impact over Malta in the late months of 1941, however. By the time it
was available in significant quantities in 1942, Spitfire Mark Vs had arrived
to engage the Italian fighters on roughly equal terms. Nevertheless, the C.202
gave a much-needed boost to the confidence of Italian fighter pilots and became
the Regia Aeronautica’s fighter mainstay until Italy capitulated on September
8, 1943. A more potent variant with a license-produced version of the DB 605
engine and heavier armament, the C.205 Veltro (Greyhound), would continue to be
a formidable fighter thereafter, in the hands of both Allied Co-Belligerent
pilots and the diehard Fascisti of the Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-57689285845598325822015-08-14T10:04:00.000+08:002015-08-14T10:04:00.241+08:00Spanish Civil War--Fiat CR.32<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Italian aircraft found their way into the Spanish Civil War,
including Fiat CR.32s. Their pedigree dated to 1923, with the introduction of
the CR (Caccia Rosatelli), first of a line of fighters designed by Celestino
Rosatelli, featuring two wings of unequal span, braced by a girder-like set of
Warren truss struts. The CR.20 of 1926 introduced an all-metal airframe, and
the CR.30, introduced in 1932, featured a 600-horsepower Fiat A.30
liquid-cooled engine, streamlined spats for the main and tail wheels, and an
armament of either two 7.7 or two 12.7mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns synchronized
to fire above the engine. The CR.32, which first flew on April 28, 1933, was
basically a scaled-down, more compact and refined CR.30. Its 592-horsepower
Fiat A.30 RA engine gave it a maximum speed of 237 miles per hour at 10,000
feet. Ailerons, balanced by “park-bench” tabs, were installed in the upper wing
only, and the rudder and ailerons were statically and dynamically balanced.
Stable and yet phenomenally maneuverable as well as extremely sensitive on the
controls, the Fiat also had an exceptional diving speed, while its robust wing
structure lent confidence to the pilot.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The CR.32 was the most numerically important fighter in the
Regia Aeronautica by the time hostilities broke out in Spain. Wasting little
time in providing support to Franco’s cause, Mussolini dispatched twelve
Savoia-Marchetti S.81 trimotor bombers to Spanish Morocco on July 31—three of
which were lost en route—followed by twelve CR.32s, which arrived at Melilla
aboard the freighter SS Nereid on the night of August 12. Secretly flown to
Tablada, near Seville, the Fiats formed the 1a Escuadrilla de Caza de la
Aviación del Tercio (1st Fighter Squadron of the Foreign Legion Air Arm) under
Capt. Vincenzo Dequal on August 21.</div>
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Initially flown by Italians only, the Fiats—nicknamed
Chirris by the Spaniards after the Italian pronunciation of the letters
“CR”—were soon asserting themselves over the mixed bag of aircraft then
available to the Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española. Their first victim
was an NiH.52 downed near Cordobá on August 21 by Sottotenente Vittor Ugo
Ceccherelli. Sergente Giovanbattista Magistrini scored the next victory for the
Fiats on August 27, when he shot down an NiH.52 that was escorting CASA-Breguet
19 bombers over Guadix aerodrome, killing its Spanish pilot, Capitán Antonio de
Haro López.</div>
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The Italians’ first setback occurred on August 31, when
three CR.32s encountered two NiH.52s and a Hawker Fury of the Republican
Escuadrilla Mixta near Talavera de la Reina, resulting in two Fiats shot down
and the third returning damaged. Disabled by the Nieuports flown by Cabos
(Corporals) Roberto Alonso Santamaria and Rafael Peña Dugo, Sgt. Bruno
Castellani force landed near Villanueva de la Serena and managed to make his
way back to Nationalist territory on foot. The other Italian, Tenente
(Lieutenant) Ernesto Monico, was less fortunate. Shot down in flames by
Sargento (Sergeant) Andrés García Lacalle in the Fury, he bailed out and was
captured by Republican militia, who claimed to have shot him as he tried to
escape. The Nationalists issued a different report, saying that when Monico
asked to see the Italian ambassador in Madrid, the militiamen shot him out of
hand.</div>
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Meanwhile, more CR.32s were arriving in Spain, and by
mid-September a second squadron had been formed, under the command of Capt.
Dante Olivera. By then, the pilots of the 1a Escuadrilla were starting to refer
to their unit as La Cucaracha (The Cockroach) after the popular song of the
time. Three Spanish pilots—Capitán Joaquin García Morato, Capitán Ángel Salas
Larrazábal, and Teniente Julio Díaz-Benjumea—had joined the unit at that point.
García Morato first flew the CR.32 on September 6.</div>
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September 11 saw the Fiats in full stride, claiming two
Breguet 19s and five fighters. Two of the Republican aircraft were credited to
Magistrini, and García Morato was credited with an NiH.52 over Talavera for his
ace-making fifth victory. By the end of the month, García Morato’s score stood
at eight, making him the war’s leading ace—a status that he never relinquished.
The Nationalists, with the generous assistance of the German and Italian
allies, had achieved air superiority, but that situation was about to undergo
an unexpected change.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The later careers of the three transitional fighters of the
Spanish Civil War give insights into the conclusions drawn by the countries
that built them. Having often overcome the performance handicaps of the CR.32s
by skill and adaptive tactics, the Italian pilots remained hard to convince
that the days of the biplane fighter, let alone that of the lone dogfighter,
were on the wane. Consequently the next important Fiat fighter, the CR.42,
would be another biplane with fixed landing gear and an open cockpit—even while
that same company was producing a more advanced design with retractable landing
gear and an enclosed canopy, the G.50.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-67779808061991114492015-08-14T09:58:00.001+08:002015-08-14T09:58:17.452+08:00Fiat CR 32 Chirri<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The Chirri was one of the finest biplane fighters ever
designed. It proved so good that Italian aviators were reluctant to abandon
such craft long after they had become obsolete elsewhere. </div>
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In 1932 Italian aircraft designer Celestino Rosatelli
unveiled his CR 30, a defining moment in biplane evolution. As a fighter, the
CR 30 was breathlessly acrobatic for its day, but Rosatelli was determined to
wring out even better performance with continuing refinement. The ensuing CR 32
was a slightly smaller, cleaned-up version of the earlier craft and the most
significant Italian fighter plane of the 1930s. Like its predecessor, the CR 32
was a metal-framed, fabric design with a distinctive chintype radiator. The
wings were strongly fastened by “W”-shaped Warren interplane struts and trusses
throughout. Consequently, the CR 32 could literally be thrown about the sky and
was capable of the most violent acrobatics. This rendered it superbly adapted
as a dogfighter, a point well taken by Italian pilots. In 1936 CR 32s entered
into service and by 1939 a total of 1,212 machines had been built in four
versions. </div>
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The Chirri, as it became known, was instantly popular with
fighter pilots around the world. The Chinese imported several and used them
effectively against the Japanese in 1937. Hungary also bought them for its air
force, but the most important customer was Spain. CR 32s were flown by both
Spanish and Italians during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1938), and they proved
formidable adversaries to the Russian-supplied Polikarpov I 15 biplanes and I
16 monoplanes. However, success carried a price. Because of their experience
with the Chirri, Italians became so enamored of biplane dogfighters that they
continued producing them long after they were obsolete. By the time Italy entered
World War II in 1940, the CR 32 and CR 42 biplanes constituted nearly 70
percent of Italian fighter strength. Nevertheless, some CR 32s were
successfully employed in East Africa before assuming trainer functions in 1941.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-15898421548464962082015-07-24T16:39:00.004+08:002015-07-24T16:39:35.945+08:00The Fiat G.50<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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The Fiat G.50 was built in response to specifications issued
by the Ministerio dell’ Aeronautica in 1936, calling for a lightly armed
interceptor, a long-range escort fighter, and a fighter-bomber. While other
manufacturers submitted four designs to address each of those requirements,
Fiat’s Giuseppe Gabrielli designed his G.50 to satisfy all three. Built around
the new 840-horsepower Fiat A.74 twin-row fourteen-cylinder radial engine, the
G.50, which first flew on February 26, 1937, became the first Italian monoplane
fighter to enter production, with an initial order for forty-five machines.
After the second prototype crashed in September, the G.50’s competitor, the
Macchi C.200, was judged the better fighter, but G.50 production continued as
insurance against any problems in getting the C.200 into operation.</div>
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During a visit to Italy, García Morato test-flew a G.50 at
Guidonia in October 1937. He then returned to the Catrulla Azul and his trusy
CR.32, in which he brought his tally to forty on January 19, 1939. On April 4,
days after the Nationalist victory, Spain’s ace of aces performed aerial stunts
for the newsreel cameras at Griñón. While flying inverted at low altitude, his
Fiat’s engine suddenly cut out and Morato crashed to his death.</div>
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The first G.50s entered Regia Aeronautica service at the end
of 1938, and ten were promptly shipped to Spain, where they were formed into a
Gruppo Sperimentale de Caccia (Experimental Fighter Group) under the command of
Maggiore (Major) Mario Bonzano. The unit was based at Escalona alongside the
CR.32s of Bonzano’s old unit, the XXIII Gruppo, and consequently some of the
G.50s were marked with that group’s “Asso di Bastoni” (Ace of Spades) emblem.
Flying as escort to the CR.32s at an altitude of 8,000 meters, the G.50s saw
some service in the last fortnight of the war but encountered no aerial
opposition. The principal operational evaluation consisted of pilot complaints
about inadequate visibility from the enclosed cockpit, which resulted in the
adoption of a traditional open cockpit for all subsequent production batches of
the G.50.</div>
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Even after World War II broke out, the Regia Aeronautica was
remarkably reticent about committing its Fiat G.50s to combat. During the
Battle of Britain, for example, the 20o Gruppo’s G.50s only flew discrete
patrols over the English Channel, while the 18o Gruppo’s CR.42 biplanes
escorted Fiat BR.20 bombers over Britain in November 1940—with predictably
disastrous results when they encountered Hurricanes and Spitfires. By that
time, however, another country had been less shy about blooding the G.50 in
combat.</div>
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After the Soviet Union attacked Finland on November 30,
1939, Italy—which unlike Germany had not signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin—shipped
some of its G.50s to the beleaguered Finns. The first Fiats were organized into
a Koelentue (Test Flight) under Kapteeni (Captain) Erkki Olavi Ehrnrooth, and
were soon “tested” in battle. On January 13, 1940, Ehrnrooth, appropriately
flying a Fiat bearing the serial number FA-1, shot down an SB-2 bomber over
Sisä-Suomi, followed by an Ilyushin DB-3 on January 29.</div>
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By February, G.50s were actively serving in a regular
squadron, Lentolaivue 26, which added a number of additional Soviet aircraft to
the butcher bill before Finland finally capitulated on March 13, 1940. On
February 26, a Spanish Civil War match—which had not, up till that time,
occurred—was finally achieved when Luutnantti (Lieutenant) Risto Olli Petter
Puhakka, in Fiat FA-4, took on an I-16 and shot it down over Etelä-Suomi for
his fifth victory (he had scored four earlier in Fokker D. XXIs). On February
29, Vääpeli (Sergeant Major) Lasse Erik Aaltonen, also flying FA-4, downed a
DB-3, followed by an I-153 on March 2. Two days before the armistice Puhakka,
in FA-21, destroyed a DB-3. The Finnish Fiats would serve on in the
Continuation War as well, with considerably more distinction than they achieved
in Regia Aeronautica service. Puhakka would score another eleven victories in
G.50s before going on to Me 109Gs and finishing out the war as Finland’s
sixth-ranking ace with a final tally of forty-two, while Aaltonen’s tally would
total at least a dozen.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-64030166415638450412015-07-24T16:31:00.001+08:002015-07-24T16:31:16.505+08:00Italian aircraft found their way into the Spanish Civil War<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Italian aircraft found their way into the Spanish Civil War,
including Fiat CR.32s. Their pedigree dated to 1923, with the introduction of
the CR (Caccia Rosatelli), first of a line of fighters designed by Celestino
Rosatelli, featuring two wings of unequal span, braced by a girder-like set of
Warren truss struts. The CR.20 of 1926 introduced an all-metal airframe, and
the CR.30, introduced in 1932, featured a 600-horsepower Fiat A.30
liquid-cooled engine, streamlined spats for the main and tail wheels, and an armament
of either two 7.7 or two 12.7mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns synchronized to fire
above the engine. The CR.32, which first flew on April 28, 1933, was basically
a scaled-down, more compact and refined CR.30. Its 592-horsepower Fiat A.30 RA
engine gave it a maximum speed of 237 miles per hour at 10,000 feet. Ailerons,
balanced by “park-bench” tabs, were installed in the upper wing only, and the
rudder and ailerons were statically and dynamically balanced. Stable and yet
phenomenally maneuverable as well as extremely sensitive on the controls, the
Fiat also had an exceptional diving speed, while its robust wing structure lent
confidence to the pilot.</div>
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The CR.32 was the most numerically important fighter in the
Regia Aeronautica by the time hostilities broke out in Spain. Wasting little
time in providing support to Franco’s cause, Mussolini dispatched twelve
Savoia-Marchetti S.81 trimotor bombers to Spanish Morocco on July 31—three of
which were lost en route—followed by twelve CR.32s, which arrived at Melilla
aboard the freighter SS Nereid on the night of August 12. Secretly flown to
Tablada, near Seville, the Fiats formed the 1a Escuadrilla de Caza de la
Aviación del Tercio (1st Fighter Squadron of the Foreign Legion Air Arm) under
Capt. Vincenzo Dequal on August 21.</div>
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Initially flown by Italians only, the Fiats—nicknamed
Chirris by the Spaniards after the Italian pronunciation of the letters
“CR”—were soon asserting themselves over the mixed bag of aircraft then
available to the Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española. Their first victim
was an NiH.52 downed near Cordobá on August 21 by Sottotenente Vittor Ugo
Ceccherelli. Sergente Giovanbattista Magistrini scored the next victory for the
Fiats on August 27, when he shot down an NiH.52 that was escorting CASA-Breguet
19 bombers over Guadix aerodrome, killing its Spanish pilot, Capitán Antonio de
Haro López.</div>
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The Italians’ first setback occurred on August 31, when
three CR.32s encountered two NiH.52s and a Hawker Fury of the Republican
Escuadrilla Mixta near Talavera de la Reina, resulting in two Fiats shot down
and the third returning damaged. Disabled by the Nieuports flown by Cabos
(Corporals) Roberto Alonso Santamaria and Rafael Peña Dugo, Sgt. Bruno
Castellani force landed near Villanueva de la Serena and managed to make his
way back to Nationalist territory on foot. The other Italian, Tenente
(Lieutenant) Ernesto Monico, was less fortunate. Shot down in flames by
Sargento (Sergeant) Andrés García Lacalle in the Fury, he bailed out and was
captured by Republican militia, who claimed to have shot him as he tried to escape.
The Nationalists issued a different report, saying that when Monico asked to
see the Italian ambassador in Madrid, the militiamen shot him out of hand.</div>
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Meanwhile, more CR.32s were arriving in Spain, and by
mid-September a second squadron had been formed, under the command of Capt.
Dante Olivera. By then, the pilots of the 1a Escuadrilla were starting to refer
to their unit as La Cucaracha (The Cockroach) after the popular song of the
time. Three Spanish pilots—Capitán Joaquin García Morato, Capitán Ángel Salas
Larrazábal, and Teniente Julio Díaz-Benjumea—had joined the unit at that point.
García Morato first flew the CR.32 on September 6.</div>
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September 11 saw the Fiats in full stride, claiming two
Breguet 19s and five fighters. Two of the Republican aircraft were credited to
Magistrini, and García Morato was credited with an NiH.52 over Talavera for his
ace-making fifth victory. By the end of the month, García Morato’s score stood
at eight, making him the war’s leading ace—a status that he never relinquished.
The Nationalists, with the generous assistance of the German and Italian
allies, had achieved air superiority, but that situation was about to undergo
an unexpected change.</div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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The later careers of the three transitional fighters of the
Spanish Civil War give insights into the conclusions drawn by the countries
that built them. Having often overcome the performance handicaps of the CR.32s
by skill and adaptive tactics, the Italian pilots remained hard to convince
that the days of the biplane fighter, let alone that of the lone dogfighter,
were on the wane. Consequently the next important Fiat fighter, the CR.42,
would be another biplane with fixed landing gear and an open cockpit—even while
that same company was producing a more advanced design with retractable landing
gear and an enclosed canopy, the G.50.</div>
<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-24415507095676134942015-07-12T15:49:00.000+08:002015-07-12T15:49:04.866+08:00Reggiane Sagittario<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The last fighter Reggiane built was the best. The Re.2005
Sagittario, which many observers considered the beautiful fighter of the war,
represented the final development of the formula that bad been initiated in the
1939 with the Re.2000 Falco. The Re.2005 was completely different in many
respects. Although the wings were similar in plan, the structure and profile
were altered and improved. The landing gear were new, with the wheels folding
outward under the wings. The plane was heavily armed, with three 20 mm cannon
and two 12.7 mm machine guns. The well balanced lines of the fuselage were
aerodynamically perfect. Everything about the plane was designed to the most of
the 1,475 hp (1100 kw) Daimler Benz engine. Overall the Re.2005's performance
was superior to that of its direct rival, the Fiat G.55 Centauro. The only difficulty
was a certain structural weakness in the rear section of the fuselage. This
defect appeared in the first phases of its short operational life, and at one
point all flights of this aircraft were suspended until this problem was
corrected.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Work on the prototype aircraft began in 1941, and the first
aircraft were ready in December. But four months were lost waiting for delivery
of the engine. The engine was sent from Germany by rail but disappeared in
transit. It was April 1942, before the new fighter was ready for test flights.
The other two Series 5 planes were readied in the meantime, The Macchi MC.205V
Veltro (greyhound) and the Fiat G.55 Centauro (centaur). The MC.205V made its
first test flight on 19 April 1942, the G.55 on 30 April but it wasn't until 9
May that the first Re.2005 prototype took flight. The Reggiane fighter did make
a flight the week before but it had been damaged in landing because of a weak
landing gear strut. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Test flights and comparative trials displayed the Re.2005's
fine features. It was fast and manoeuvrable. At 6,600 feet the prototype flew
at about 425 mph (686 km/h). Large scale production was not ordered
immediately. Only 16 0-series and 18 pre-series were at first ordered. In
February 1943, and order for 750 aircraft was finally placed, but only 48
Re.2005s ever came off the assembly line before the armistice was signed and
production halted. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The plane's operational career began in May 1943, when it
was assigned to the 362nd Squadrigia of the 22nd Gruppo. The unit was sent to
Sicily at the time of the Allied invasion. Late in June it was based in Capua
and used in operations against Allied bombers until 26 August 1943. When the
armistice was signed in September, many of the surviving Re.2005s were
destroyed by their pilots to prevent them from falling into German hands.
Mussolini's forces in the north did manage to get six of these aircraft which
they used as trainers. Some aircraft (as many as 13) were captured by the
Germans. Some sources maintain that these aircraft were used late in 1943
against Allied bombing raids on Berlin. Others believe that these planes were
used as interceptors in defence of the Romanian oil fields.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A request by the R.L.M. led to one Re.2005 (MM.495), known
as the Reggiane Re.2005 "LW", to be modified to German standards for
tests in late July 1943. It was evaluated first in Guidonia and later at the
Rechlin airfield. Tests revealed improved performances with speeds of up to 628
km/h (390.4 mph)with the FIAT engine and more than 650 km/h (400 mph)with the
DB engine in level flight, without using war emergency power (WEP).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A prototype of the follow-on Re 2006 was almost completed
before September 1943 but not flown. It was to use the DB 603 engine with 1,750
hp (1,300 kW) and had an estimated maximum speed of 740 km/h (462 mph). Only
the G.56 was flown with this engine. A twin-fuselage version and a motorjet
variant, the R.2005R were considered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the R.2005R, speed could have been increased to 750 km/h
(466 mph), but fuel consumption would have reached almost 1,000 l/h, almost
four times the normal Re.2005's fuel usage at full throttle. This aircraft
project wasn't considered as a serious alternative to the Re.2006.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Specifications</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
General characteristics</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Crew: 1</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Length: 873 cm
(28 ft 7.7 in) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Wingspan: 1,100
cm (36 ft 1.1 in) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Height: 315 cm
(10 ft 4.0 in) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Wing area: 20.4
m2 (219.6 sq ft) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Empty weight:
2,600 kg (5,730 lb) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Loaded weight:
3,610 kg (7,960 lb) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Powerplant: 1×
Fiat R.A. 1050 RC 58 Tifone, (license built DB 605A-1), 1,475 PS (1,085 kW;
1,455 hp) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Performance</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Never exceed
speed: 980 km/h (609 mph)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Maximum speed:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o 628 km/h
(390 mph) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft),</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o 678 km/h
(421 mph) at 7,000 m (23,000 ft) [15]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Cruise speed:
515 km/h (320 mph)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Stall speed: 155
km/h (96 mph) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Range: 980 km
(610 mi) on internal fuel (1,130 km (700 mi) w/ 300 L drop tank; 1,270 km (790
mi) w/ 300 L + 2 × 150 L drop tanks)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Service ceiling:
11,500 m (37,700 ft) ()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Rate of climb:
20 m/s (3,900 ft/min) (6,000 m in 6.5 min)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Wing loading:
max. 177 kg/m² (36.11 lb/ft²) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Armament</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Guns:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o 2 × 12.7
mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns in upper cowling (350rpm);</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o 1 × 20 mm
MG 151 cannon firing through propeller hub (150rpm);</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o 2 × 20 mm
MG 151 cannon in wings (200rpm)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* Bombs:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o
Underfuselage (non standard) hardpoint 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bomb or 1 × 300 L
(79.3 US gal) drop tank</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o Hardpoints
on wings: 160 kilograms (350 lb) bombs or 2 × 150 litres (39.6 US gal) drop
tanks</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-34271733413289026962015-07-12T15:24:00.001+08:002015-07-12T15:24:28.825+08:00Piaggio P.108<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>P.108A Artiglieri anti-shipping aircraft</b></i></div>
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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The only four-engine heavy bomber to see operation with
Italian forces during World War 11, the Piaggio P.108 was an interesting
design. Long established in Italy as engineers and shipbuilders, Piaggio had
entered aviation during World War I, producing some aircraft and components
under subcontract. Developed from an earlier P .50-11 design for a four-engine
bomber, the P.108 was a cantilever low-wing monoplane of all metal
construction, with retractable tailwheel landing gear and power provided by
four Piaggio P.XIIRC.35 radial engines, two on each wing, in nacelles at the
wing leading edges. Four versions were planned, but only the P.108 Bombardiere,
which was first flown in prototype form during 1939, was built in any quantity.
The variants, built only as prototypes or in small numbers, comprised first the
single P.108A Artiglieri anti-shipping aircraft which, converted from the P.108
prototype, had its standard armament supplemented by the installation of a
102-mm cannon. Captured by German forces at the time of the Allied-Italian
armistice, it was impressed for service with the Luftwaffe. The P.108C Civile
was a civil transport version with increased wing span and a redesigned
fuselage to accommodate 32 passengers. A total of 16 was built, including one
prototype, but these were modified for use as military transports accommodating
56 troops, and about 24 P.108Bs were also converted to this configuration. One
P.108T (Trasporto) military transport prototype was built as a conversion from
a P.108C, from which it differed primarily by incorporating side loading doors
and a ventral hatch. Proposed variants included the P.108M (Modificato), a
development of the P.108B with the single machine-gun in the nose turret
replaced by four guns and a 20-mm cannon; and the P.133, an advanced version of
the P.108B with uprated engines and an increased bombload. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The P.108B was first deployed in night attacks on Gibraltar
during early 1942, and the type saw service subsequently in the Mediterranean,
North African and Russian theatres of operation. A total of 163 was built, but
heavy losses meant that less than five per cent survived to serve with the
Republican Socialist air force after the armistice with the Allies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Variants</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Production totals of the P108C and T are unclear, but
combined there were approximately 16 built, with most of the P108Cs
subsequently converted to the transport version.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prototype : MM
22001</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Series 1 : MM
22002—22008, MM 22601—22604</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Series 2 : MM
24315—24326</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Series 3 : MM
24667—24678</div>
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P.108 Prototype</div>
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P.108A Artiglieri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anti-shipping
version. One built.</div>
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P.108B Bombardiere</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Heavy bomber
version. 24 built.</div>
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P.108C Civile</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Civil transport
version. Uncertain number built, but probably six.</div>
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P.108M Modificato</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Intended
modification of P.108B with heavier armament. None built</div>
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P.108T Trasporto</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transport version.
More than 12 (including converted P.108Cs).</div>
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P.133</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Advanced version
of the P.108B with better engines and increased bombload. Not completed.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Specifications
(Piaggio P.108B)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
General characteristics</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crew: 6 or 7</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Length: 22.30 m
(73 ft 2 in)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wingspan: 32.00 m
(105 ft)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Height: 6.00 m (20
ft)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wing area: 135.0
m² (1,453 ft²)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Empty weight:
17,325 kg (38,195 lb)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Max takeoff
weight: 29,885 kg (65,885 lb)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Powerplant: 4×
Piaggio P.XII RC.35 radial engine, 1,120 kW (1,500 hp) each</div>
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Performance</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maximum speed: 430
km/h (267 mph)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Range: 3,520 km
(2,187 mi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Service ceiling:
8,500 m (27,187 ft)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Armament</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 × 12.7 mm (.5
in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 × 7.7 mm (.303
in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,500 kg (7,700
lb) of bombs</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-87316613784443130672015-03-12T13:07:00.001+08:002015-03-12T13:07:18.891+08:00Regia Aeronautica – Northern Africa and Malta I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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The Regia Aeronautica did not adequately support the Regia
Marina. Their aircraft were ineffective against the Royal Air Force. Malta was
normally bombed, but according to the old air doctrine “Direttive per l’impiego
dell’Armata aerea” (Directive for the Employment of the Air Force), Italian
aircraft did not conduct massive bombing raids. Results were clearly poor, and
continued in this manner until the German X Fliegerkorps was deployed in
Sicily. But by the time German aircraft arrived, it was too late to seize
Malta. The feasibility of a landing was studied. Operation C 3—a landing in
Malta—foresaw sea and air operations using paratroopers. By the time the new
paratroopers of Division “Folgore” were ready, the desperate need for men in
the Sahara led Italian headquarters to deploy them in that theater as an
infantry division.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-61375725450558497192015-03-12T12:36:00.002+08:002015-03-12T12:36:34.967+08:00Regia Aeronautica – Balkans III<br />
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The Italian air force was more successful in fighting in the
Balkans, against Greece and Yugoslavia. It also fought in the Western Desert
from 1940 to 1943, as well as in Ethiopia. When fielding modern machines—the
later models with German engines—the air force was effective. But despite the
fact that the Italian air force had operated in Libya since 1911, its aircraft
still lacked dust filters on the eve of war, and its tactics were reminiscent
of World War I acrobatics.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-28582480286297848902015-03-12T12:34:00.003+08:002015-03-12T12:34:57.372+08:00Regia Aeronautica – Balkans II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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In the Mediterranean Theater, the Italian air force was
invoked in air strikes against Malta, targeted on British merchant ships and
naval units operating near Italy. It also conducted raids against Gibraltar and
Palestine and even as far afield as the Persian Gulf. However, the Italians
soon learned that aircraft that had been successful against stationary merchant
ships docked in harbors during the Spanish Civil War were ineffective in
high-altitude bombing attacks against warships. Indeed, early in the war, the aircraft
occasionally attacked Italian warships by mistake, although recognition
improved as the war unfolded. But not until March 1941 did the air force place
liaison officers on board warships at sea. </div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-11563360007200158002015-03-12T12:16:00.001+08:002015-03-12T12:16:57.882+08:00Regia Aeronautica – Balkans I<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
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Italy joined the war in June 1940 and only fought in the
Battle for France for several weeks, after which it received some French
aircraft. Later, Mussolini insisted on sending aircraft to Belgium to assist in
the Battle of Britain. The Germans thought the planes would be far more useful
in North Africa. They proved hopelessly inadequate in the skies over Britain
and had to be withdrawn. In 1941, Italy sent a more effective air contingent to
fight in the Soviet Union. </div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-66523346188788286452015-03-12T12:09:00.001+08:002015-03-12T12:09:36.122+08:00Caproni Campini Ca.183bis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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In 1942 Caproni began construction on a high-altitude fighter using prop
and jet thrust. The Caproni CA 183bis had a DB 605 of 1,250 HP in the
nose driving two three-blade contra-rotating props with a 700 HP Fiat
A.30 radial behind the cockpit driving a Campini compressor expected to
furnish a 60 MPH boost of jet thrust for an optimistic maximum speed of
460 MPH with a range of 1242 miles. One 20 mm was to be in the prop hub
with four more in the wings. Weight was to be 16,538 lbs. with a 48-foot
wingspan.<br /> <br />The CA 183 was not all that complicated though performance expectations seems optimistic.<br /> <br />Engine: 1x Alfa-Romeo "Tifone"(Daimler-Benz DB-605) making 1,250 hp driving a six blade contrarotating propellor.<br />1x FIAT A.30 radial piston engine making 700 hp driving the Campini engine<br />Weight: Loaded 16.538 lb<br />Maximum Speed: 460 mph / 520 mph with "Thermojet"<br />Range: 1,242 miles<br />Crew: 1<br />Armament: 4x 20 mm cannons in the wings and 1x 30 mm cannon between the cylinder banks of the engine.<br /> <br />The
Italians already had knowledge of the German jets through their
Rome-Berlin pact and worked together at Riva del Garda (Re- named the
Hermann Goering Institute) on advanced jet designs that included a
Turboproietti Jet Round Bomb (Italian V-1 type unmanned weapon) and a
disc aircraft with two slung turbojets, various rim intakes for another
internal engine, a domed canopy, and two canted tailfins. This was only
discovered recently after the designer died and the plans were
discovered in his apt. Apparently, this is probably what Mussolini
referred to as the "Piastra di Volo" (Flying Plate) design.<br /> <br />The
Germans for their part provided Italy with DB engines that improved
their fighter and bomber designs of Fiat, Macchi, and Savoia- Marchetti.
Jumos were on order for the Re.2007 and Piaggio's chief designer
D'Ascanio requested information on the BMW 003 for a radical jet
helicopter he was designing.<br /> <br />But the war ended for Italy and a
lot of documents went missing or destroyed. D-Ascanio postwar
experimented with a turbine helicopter, but is better known as the
inventor of the Vespa moto-scooter! Most of the other manufacturers
either went under or became merged in jet manufacture.<br /> <br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v3/v3n1/italtwin.html" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Might Have Beens: Italian Twin-Engined Fighters, 1943</a>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-78966673081316768762015-03-12T11:59:00.001+08:002015-03-12T11:59:49.998+08:00Rounds of Ammo on Italian Fighters<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.200 - 2x 370/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.202 (series I-V) - 2x 360/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.202 (series VI-XI) - 2x 360/12.7mm + 2x
500/7.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.205V (series I) - 2x 400/12.7mm + 2x
500/7.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.205V (series II) - 2x 250/20mm + 2x
400/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.205N1 - 1x 200/20mm + 2x 400/12.7mm + 2x
300/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">MC.205N2 - 1x 200/20mm + 2x 250/20mm + 2x
400/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Re.2000 2x 300/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Re.2001 2x 350/12.7mm + 2x 600/7.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Re.2001C.N. [not all of them] 2x ?/20mm +
2x 350/12.7mm [1]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Re.2002 1x 450/12.7mm (right) + 1x
390/12.7mm (left) + 1x 290/7.7mm (right) + 1x 350/7.7mm (left)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Re.2005 2x 200/20mm 1x 150/20mm + + 2x
350/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">G.55 1x 250/20mm + 2x 200/20mm + 2x
300/12.7mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">[1] I think that these guns had probably
the same ammo as the Bf 109G6/R6, since the installation of these two planes
looks very similar (I have no idea of the ammo number). This means that a
sizeable amount of MG 151 (100? 200?) must have been consigned during 1942.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-66573360942586252842015-03-12T11:54:00.001+08:002015-03-12T11:54:21.465+08:00Caproni-Campini N.1 (CC.1 & CC.2)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqn_rjgw03BZ9098tRpEVv6L_Bl0mw77ODUIIe_y-DHgGl-Kiq5PwPFZm0t82rRBgvkSFylszl1s1Lp-41MS9R9a3WTJe7e7Xi8lbxDOW_UXsL5l-CqnkCD3FSqwtLXkYjL2MFLQi0T_E/s1600/dsfeefrsgredrg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqn_rjgw03BZ9098tRpEVv6L_Bl0mw77ODUIIe_y-DHgGl-Kiq5PwPFZm0t82rRBgvkSFylszl1s1Lp-41MS9R9a3WTJe7e7Xi8lbxDOW_UXsL5l-CqnkCD3FSqwtLXkYjL2MFLQi0T_E/s1600/dsfeefrsgredrg.jpg" height="400" width="278" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<em><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZI0BsMsdHfji2ncoblMZHUKrPAf_aYjps8RZvpkPkf8atQI5t44TjDLJp5D255osgyW-UxXSLdopEK7rd-_u1ohfdmv2XCeVFqDHhjsCN_EfEBIFxtATWmhOItuoL7DVGZuT1UJ-gks/s1600/cc2-1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZI0BsMsdHfji2ncoblMZHUKrPAf_aYjps8RZvpkPkf8atQI5t44TjDLJp5D255osgyW-UxXSLdopEK7rd-_u1ohfdmv2XCeVFqDHhjsCN_EfEBIFxtATWmhOItuoL7DVGZuT1UJ-gks/s1600/cc2-1.gif" height="400" width="290" /></a></em></div>
<br />
<br />
<em>The Caproni-Campini N.1 used an ingenious way of propelling
itself. The piston engine inside the fuselage drove a ducted fan
and fuel was bled and ignited in the compressed air emitted through
the tailpipe. With a maximum speed of only 375 km/h (233 mph), the
N.1 served only to prove its propulsion concept was possible. The
design limitations meant that development would be fruitless, and
as Italy's war effort gained momentum, thoughts turned to more
immediate problems.</em><br />
<br />
<br />
It is perhaps surprising at first sight that, having been the second nation to fly an air-breathing jet-propelled aeroplane, Italy did not feature among the leading nations in this field of technology. But in truth the Caproni-Campini N.1 was no more than an ingenious freak which employed a conventional piston engine to drive a variable-pitch ducted-fan compressor with rudimentary afterburning. As such it did nothing to further gas turbine research, and was to all intents and purposes a technical dead-end. The engineer Secondo Campini had created a company in 1931 to pursue research into reaction propulsion and in 1939 persuaded Caproni to build an aircraft to accommodate the fruits of this work, namely the adaptation of an Isotta- Fraschini radial engine driving a ducted-fan compressor; the compressed air was exhausted through a variable-area nozzle in the aircraft's extreme tail, and additional fuel could be ignited in the tailpipe to increase thrust. The two-seat low-wing N.1 (sometimes referred to as the CC.2) was first flown at Taliedo on 28 August 1940 by Mario de Bernadi. A number of set-piece demonstration flights was undertaken, including one of 270km from Taliedo to Gindoma at an average speed of 209km/h, but it was clear from the outset that use of a three-stage fan compressor driven by a piston engine would limit further development, and the experiment was abandoned early in 1942 when Italy was faced with sterner priorities. The N.1 survives today in the Museo della Scienza Technica at Milan as a monument to ingenuity if not sophisticated technology.<br />
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Specifications]<br />General characteristics<br /> Crew: two<br /> Length: 13.10 m (43 ft)<br /> Wingspan: 15.85 m (52 ft)<br /> Height: 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)<br /> Wing area: 36.00 m² (387.5 ft²)<br /> Empty weight: 3,640 kg (8,024 lb)<br /> Max. takeoff weight: 4,195 kg (9,250 lb)<br /> Powerplant: 1 × 670 kW Isotta Fraschini liquid-cooled V12 engine motorjet, resulting in 6.9 kN (1,550 lbf)<br /> Piston engine drove a three-stage axial compressor for the thermojet with variable pitch vanes<br />Performance<br /> Maximum speed: 375 km/h (233 mph)<br /> Service ceiling: 4,000 m (13,300 ft)<br />
<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-71921836680639695702015-03-12T11:41:00.001+08:002015-03-12T11:41:28.512+08:00Macchi MC 200 Saetta - in detail Part I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-17501219456809261472015-03-12T11:39:00.001+08:002015-03-12T11:39:56.612+08:00Macchi MC 200 Saetta - in detail Part II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1571862156434997533.post-33292675336451001672015-03-12T11:37:00.001+08:002015-03-12T11:37:57.119+08:00Italian Aviation<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-GB">During the 1930's Italian aviation was at
its peak; famous distance flights and international records made Italy one of
the most prominent of air-minded nations. The creative imagination of her
designers was matched by the initiative and daring of her airmen. Despite the
apprehension attending the growth of Fascism, it was all too easy to admire Marshall
Balbo's aerial fleet droning overhead toward the Chicago World's Fair in 1933.
This impressive display came in an era when aviation was just beginning to
prove itself a dependable instrument of transportation. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Notwithstanding this apparent lead, the
Regia Aeronautica was surprisingly ineffective when war finally came. The
reasons were primarily economic and political. In spite of her Fascist
government, Italy was not aggressive to the degree that made Germany and Japan
such dangerous threats. Her conquests in Africa and exploits in Spain were
comparatively easy exercises that led her to believe, in June 1940, that
Fascism was triumphant and little further effort was called for to secure the
spoils of victory. When the war began to turn decidedly against Italy, the
weaknesses of her war machine became apparent. The Italian economy was never
strong enough to support the air force envisaged by Mussolini; in addition,
Italy had to export badly needed aircraft in return for raw materials vital to
production. This fact, rather than the supposed outdated design practices,
accounted for the predominant use of wood in Italian aircraft. More important,
engine development lagged seriously behind world standards, further hampering
designers. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">All these factors proved fortunate for the
Allies, as an examination of mid-1943 Italian designs will make quite clear.
Fighters like the FIAT G.56 and Macchi C.205V and bombers like the Cant Z.1018
gave away little to their Allied counterparts in terms of performance. Many
other aircraft, whether brilliant or mediocre in the final analysis, were of
extremely imaginative and advanced concept. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Organization
of the Regia Aeronautica</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">During the First World War, the Italian
flying forces were known as the Corpo Aeronautico Militare. After that conflict
military aviation in Italy dwindled rapidly, but with the advent of Benito
Mussolini (himself an enthusiastic amateur aviator) a Commissariat for Aviation
was established, and an autonomous air force, the Regia Aeronautica (literally
Royal Aviation, or Royal Air Force), was formed in March, 1923. Aviation
flourished in Italy during the late 1920's and 1930's, many propaganda and
record flights enhancing Italian and (supposedly) Fascist prestige. The
one-sided Ethiopian conquest and the successes of the Aviazione Legionaria in
Spain added to an awesome display of power. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Because of Italy's limited industrial
capacity, however, the Regia Aeronautica never possessed the large numbers of
aircraft credited to 1t by many sources to the Second World War. Claims as high
as 8530 aircraft had been made in 1939, but in actual fact Regia Aeronautica
strength in Metropolitan Italy on June 10, 1940, the date of the Italian entry
into the war, was only 3345 machines (1332 bombers, 1160 fighters and
fighter-bombers, 497 reconnaissance and observation aircraft, and 49 military
transports), plus 38 communications transports and about 2450 training
aircraft. Equipment in A.O.1. (Africa -Orientale Italiana) totalled about 325
aircraft, mostly obsolete Ca 111, Ca 133, and SM.81 bombers, CR.32 fighters,
and Ro 37 reconnaissance biplanes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Italy was divided into three Squadre Aeree,
with headquarters at Milan, Rome, and Palermo. A fourth unit was the 4a Zona
Territoriale at Bari. Italian territories were served by the Aeronautiche delle
Sardegna (Sardinia), Albania, Libia (Libya), and Egeo (Aegean Islands). The
Squadra Aerea comprised two or three Divisioni (Divisions) or Brigate
(Brigades), usually two of bombers and one of fighters. The Divisione usually comprised
three Stormi (Groups). Organization of the smaller units was as follows: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Stormo = 2 Gruppi (Wings) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Gruppo = 2-3 Squadriglie (Squadrons) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Squadriglia = 3 Sezioni (Flights) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Sezione = 3 aircraft. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Italian Army and Navy were further
served by the Aviazione per la Regio Esercito and the Aviazione per la Regia
Marina, respectively. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">On June 10, 1940, operational strength of
the Regia Aeronautica was 32 Stormi, plus an additional 13 Gruppi, 60
Squadriglie, and 4 Sezioni. The Italian aircraft industry was never able to
keep up with wartime attrition; by September, 1943, only 1306 aircraft
remained, little more than one-third of these in serviceable condition. The
aircraft and crews which joined the Allied cause in the south were formed into
the Co-Belligerent Air Force. In addition to 203 Italian aircraft, this force
employed a number of Allied types. The remainder of the Regia Aeronautica came
under the control of the Germandominated Republica Sociale Italiana, as the
Aviazione della RSI. After the war, the new Italian Air Force was known as the
Aeronautica Militare Italiana.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0